jsgM+h O;olk; ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa mlds lekèkku ij ,d vè;;u

Yulendra Kumar Rajput¹, Mr. Abhishek Agrawal²

¹vxzlsu egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+] Hkkjr

²vxzlsu egkfo|ky;] jk;iqj] NRrhlx<+] Hkkjr

'kksèk&lkj

jsgM+h O;olk; gekjs fodkl'khy ns'k Hkkjr esa vlaxfBr {ks= esa ,d vfHkUu ?kVd  gS] ftlds }kjk vkt yk[kks yksx Lojkstxkj dj viuk thou O;kiu dj jgs gSa  ijUrq bl O;olk; esa cgqr lh pqukSfr;k Hkh fo|eku gksrh tSls & vkÆFkd vfLFkjrk] ç'kklfud mRihM+u] lkekftd cfg"dkj vkSj 'kgjhdj.k ls mRiUu ladVA bu pqukSfr;ksa dk vè;;u dj eq[; pqukSfr;ksa ds ;Fkksfpr lekèkku ij çdk'k Mkyuk bl 'kksèki= dk eq[; mís'; jgk gS] 'kksèk ls ;g Kkr gksrk  fd de vk;] dkuwuh ekU;rk dk vHkko vkSj vi;kZIr cqfu;knh <k¡pk bl is'ks dks vfuf'pr cukrk gSA çkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d lead  ds vkèkkj ij] ;g 'kksèki= vuq'kalk djrk gS fd LVªhV osaMlZ ,DV ds çHkkoh çorZu] foÙkh; lgk;rk] osaÇMx t+ksu dk fuekZ.k vkSj dkS'ky laoèkZu lfgr uhfrxr ifjorZu bu eqíksa dks de djus esa enn dj ldrs gSaA eq[; :i ls orZeku  'kksèk esa jsgM+h O;olk; esa vkus okyh ç'kklfud ,oa vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys".kkRed vè;;u fd;k x;k gS bl gsrq çkFkfed lead dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS ,oa  112 U;knlZ ls ç'ukoyh ds ekè;e ls MsVk ladyu fd;k x;k  fu"d"kZ esa] ;g Kkr gksrk  gS fd ,d lekos'kh –f"Vdks.k vkSj lgdkjh ç;kl LVªhV osaÇMx dks lq–<+ vkSj lqjf{kr dj ldrs gSa] ftlls ;g 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku djuk tkjh j[k ldsA

eq[; 'kCn & jsgM+h O;olk;] LVªhV osaÇMx] vlaxfBr {ks=] Lofufèk ;kstuk ] pqukSfr;k] vkÆFkd] ç'kklfud

ifjp;

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa jsgM+h O;olk; 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lkekftd rkyesy  dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA ;g ,d vukSipkfjd {ks= dk fgLlk gS] tks  u dsoy yk[kksa yksxksa dks jkstxkj vkSj vkthfodk çnku djrk gS] cfYd xzkgdksa dks mfpr ewY; ij lkeku vkSj lsokvksa dh miyCèkrk dh xkjaVh Hkh nsrk gSA jsgM+h O;olk; esa Qy ,oa lCt+h foØsrk] [kk| inkFkZ ds foØsrk] diM+s vkSj NksVs&eksVs lkekuksa  ds foØsrk 'kkfey gSa] tks lkekU;r% lM+dksa] QqVikFkksa vkSj ckt+kjksa vkfn  ij viuh xkfM+;ksa ;k vLFkk;h LV‚y ds ekè;e ls  dke djrs gSaA us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku v‚Q+ LVªhV osaMlZ v‚Q+ bafM;k (NASVI) dh 2022 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa yxHkx 1.5 ls 2 djksM+ yksx bl O;kikj ls tqM+s gSa] tks ns'k ds 'kgjh dk;Zcy dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA blds ckn Hkh] ;g O;olk; cgqr lh  pqukSfr;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gS] ftuesa vkÆFkd vfuf'prrk] dkuwuh ckèkk,¡] lkekftd cfg"dkj] vkSj 'kgjhdj.k dk ncko 'kkfey gSaA

jsgM+h O;olk; dk egRo blds vkÆFkd ifj.kkeksa ls ijs gS( ;g 'kgjh jgu&lgu  ds lkaL—frd vkSj lkekftd igyqvksa dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA fnYyh ds pkV LV‚y] eqacà ds oM+k iko foØsrk ;k dksydkrk ds Qsjhokyksa dh vkokt+sa Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa dh igpku dks n'kkZrh  gSA cgjgky] bl is'ks dks vfèkdrj  voSèkrk] vfrØe.k vkSj vO;oLFkk ds lkFk  tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gS] ;g ,d eq[; dkj.k gS fd bls uhfr vkSj lkekftd leFkZu ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+rk gSA LVªhV osaMlZ ¼vkthfodk laj{k.k vkSj LVªhV osaÇMx dk fofu;eu½ vfèkfu;e] 2014 dk mís'; bl O;kolk; dks  vkSipkfjd ekU;rk çnku djuk Fkk] ijUrq  blds [kjkc dk;kZUo;u vkSj vi;kZIr tkx:drk us bl {ks= dks vjktdrk esa Mky fn;k gSA dksjksuk &19 egkekjh us fLFkfr dks vkSj [kjkc dj fn;k] ftlls Qsjhokyksa dh dekà yxHkx 'kwU; gks xà Fkh  vkSj mudh vkthfodk dks vHkwriwoZ ladV dk lkeuk djuk iM+k Fkk  ¼v‚DlQSe bafM;k] 2020½ A

bl vè;;u dk mís'; Qsjhokyksa ds lkeus vkus okyh ç'kklfud ,oa vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa dh foLr`r laHkkfor tkap djuk gSA blds vykok] ;g 'kksèk mu uhfr;ksa vkSj O;kogkfjd mik;ksa dh ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyrk gS ftlds ekè;e ls  lM+d foØsrkvksa dks l'kä cuk;k tk lds  vkSj 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk ds Hkhrj mudh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj fd;k tk lds A 'kksèk u dsoy ckèkkvksa dks bafxr djuk pkgrk gS cfYd ;g Hkh çnÆ'kr djuk pkgrk gS fd ,d lekos'kh –f"Vdks.k ds lkFk] ;g O;olk; u dsoy le`) gks ldrk gS cfYd Qy&Qwy Hkh ldrk gSA ;g 'kksèki= lM+d foØsrkvksa ds lkeus vkus okyh eq[; pqukSfr;ksa dk vkdyu djrk gS vkSj mUgsa nwj djus ds fy, lekèkku lq>krk gSA

jsgM+h O;olk; ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡% fofHkUu fjiksV~lZ dk fo'ys"k.k

Hkkjrh; 'kgjksa esa dà xjhc yksxksa ds fy, LVªhV osaMÇjx dekà dk ,d vge t+fj;k gSA ;s osaMj lM+dksa ij lhèks lkeku csprs gSa ;k lsok,¡ çnku djrs gSa] ftlls yksxksa dks fdQ+k;rh lkeku [kjhnus esa enn feyrh gSA us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku v‚Q LVªhV osaMlZ v‚Q bafM;k (NASVI) ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr esa yxHkx 1.5 ls 2 djksM+ yksx bl O;olk; ls tqM+s gSaA ysfdu] bl dke dks vkÆFkd raxh] lkekftd dfBukb;ksa] d+kuwuksa vkSj çnw"k.k tSlh leL;kvksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ;g fjiksVZ bu leL;kvksa ij xkSj djrh gS vkSj buds laHkkfor lekèkku ds mik; lq>krh gSA

'kksèk vkSj fjiksV~lZ dk vkèkkj

;g fo'ys"k.k fuEufyf[kr lzksrksa ij vkèkkfjr gS%

1-NASVI fjiksV~lZ ¼2022½% jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa dh fLFkfr vkSj uhfrxr gLr{ksiA

2-LVªhV osaMlZ ,DV] 2014% dkuwuh <kaps dk ewY;kaduA

3-Oxfam India (2020): dksfoM&19 ds çHkko ij fjiksVZA

4-Centre for Science and Environment (CSE, 2021): 'kgjh fu;kstu vkSj jsgM+h O;olk;A

5-Bhowmik, S.K. (2010):  Street Vendors in the Global Urban Economy.

6-PM Lofufèk ;kstuk (2020-23): ljdkjh igy dk çHkkoA

7-World Bank (2022): vlaxfBr {ks= ij oSfÜod ifjçs{;A

'kksèk iqujkoyksdu

Hebbasur, et al.,(2024). “A Study on Issues and Challenges Faced by the Street Vendors in Mysore City” jsgM+h O;olk; Hkkjr esa ,d çkphu [kqnjk O;olk; dk :i gS] ftls 2014 jsgM+h O;olk; vfèkfu;e ykxw gksus rd vDlj voSèk ekuk tkrk FkkA ;g eSlwj 'kgj esa fofHkUu lkekftd&vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, dà yksxksa] fo'ks"k :i ls csjkstxkj O;fä;ksa vkSj eè;e vk;q oxZ dh efgykvksa dks vk; çnku djrk gSA

Mubarack, et al., (2020). “Characterizing Street Vendors in the Urban Settings of Tanzania: Towards Sustainable Solutions to Vendors’ Challenges” nkj ,l lyke] ratkfu;k esa jsgM+h O;olk;h Çyx] f'k{kk vkSj vkÆFkd fLFkfr tSlh fofoèk fo'ks"krkvksa dk çn'kZu djrs gSaA mUgsa çf'k{k.k] dkuwuh ekU;rk vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk dh deh] mudh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa vkSj lapkyu ds vkèkkj ij lekèkku dh vko';drk tSlh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

Ravya, Gehlot. et al.,. (2023). “Invisible Entrepreneurs: Unpacking the Challenges of Street Vendors in the Delhi Metropolitan Area” jsgM+h O;olk; Hkkjr dh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS] tks yk[kksa yksxksa dks vkthfodk çnku djrk gSA fnYyh esa] lM+d foØsrkvksa dks dkuwuh ekU;rk dh deh] lkoZtfud LFkkuksa rd lhfer igqap] vi;kZIr cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj lkekftd dyad tSlh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ftlls muds lapkyu vkSj dY;k.k ij vlj iM+rk gSA

Ronald, Romero., et al., (2024). “Urban Entrepreneurship on the Fringe: Action Research on the Challenges of Street Vendors in Manila” euhyk esa jsgM+h O;olk; ukSdjh dh deh dks nwj djrs gq, U;wure vk; okys Jfed oxZ ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ vkthfodk ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA gkyk¡fd] foØsrkvksa dks fu;eksa] cktkj çfrLièkkZ vkSj foÙkh; Hks|rk ls lacafèkr pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] ftlls muds vkÆFkd l'kfädj.k ds fy, çfr;ksxh fØ;kfofèk vkSj lgk;d uhfr;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

“Bhowmik (2010) Street  Vendors  in  the  Global  Urban Economy. Routledge India” vè;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd LVªhV osaMlZ dh vk; nSfud fcØh ij fuHkZj gS] tks ekSle dh fLFkfr] xzkgdksa dh ekax vkSj LFkkuh; çfrLièkkZ tSls dkjdksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gSA fnYyh esa] vkSlr nSfud vk; 300&500 #i;s ds chp gS] tks ,d LFkk;h thou;kiu ds fy, i;kZIr ugÈ gSA

NASVI (2022) dh fjiksVZ ls irk pyrk gS fd 70%  ls vfèkd LVªhV osaMlZ us lkgwdkjksa ls mèkkj fy;k gS] ftl ij mUgsa lkykuk 20-30% ds chp C;kt njksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA vkSipkfjd cSaÇdx rd igq¡p dh deh bl eqís dks vkSj Hkh cnrj cuk nsrh gSA

v‚DlQSe bafM;k ¼2020½ dh fjiksVZ gS fd egkekjh ds nkSjku] 80%  LVªhV osaMlZ us dqy vk; dk uqdlku >syk] ftlls mudh foÙkh; det+ksjh c<+ xÃA

CSE (2021) dh fjiksVZ esa dgk x;k gS fd dsoy 15-20% LVªhV osaMlZ ds ikl oSèk ykblsal gSaA tfVy çfØ;k,¡ vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj bl fLFkfr esa ;ksxnku nsus okys çeq[k dkjd gSaA

NASVI (2022) us ik;k fd 60%  LVªhV osaMlZ dks tcju csn[ky fd;k tkrk gS ;k uxj fuxeksa ;k iqfyl }kjk Þg¶+rkß olwy fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i ukSdjh dh vlqj{kk cuh jgrh gSA

Bhowmik (2010) Street Vendors in the Global Urban Economy Routledge India ds vuqlkj LVªhV osaMj xfrfofèk;ksa dks fuEu Lrj  ds dk;Z ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] ftlls bu Jfedksa ds fy, lkekftd lEeku dh deh gksrh gSA

CSE (2021)  ds vuqlkj] LVªhV osaMlZ vkerkSj ij Üolu lacaèkh chekfj;ksa] xeÊ ls lacafèkr FkdkoV vkSj dqiks"k.k ls ihfM+r gksrs gSa] D;ksafd os yacs le; rd ckgj jgrs gSaA

NASVI (2022) ds vkadM+ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd 30%  LVªhV osaMlZ efgyk,¡ gSa] tks vius dk;Z okrkoj.k esa ySafxd HksnHkko vkSj vlqj{kk dks >syrh gSaA

CSE (2021) dh fjiksVZ gS fd 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k LVªhV osaMlZ ds fy, miyCèk txg de gksrh tk jgh gS] tks fo'ks"k :i ls fnYyh vkSj eqacà tSls 'kgjksa esa ,d xaHkhj eqík gSA

foÜo cSad ¼2022½ bl ckr ij çdk'k Mkyrk gS fd xeÊ vkSj ck<+ lfgr tyok;q ifjorZu] Qsjhokyksa ds lapkyu dks çHkkfor dj jgk gSA

'kksèk vkSj fjiksVZ ls çHkko fo'ys"k.k

• vkÆFkd çHkko% de vk; vkSj dtZ ds dkj.k Qsjhokys xjhch esa Qals jgrs gSaA v‚DlQSe ¼2020½ us bl fLFkfr dks ÞvlaxfBr {ks= dk ladVÞ crk;kA

• lkekftd çHkko% lkekftd dyad vkSj LokLF; lacaèkh eqís bu Jfedksa dh thou fLFkfr;ksa dks vkSj [kjkc dj nsrs gSaA NASVI ¼2022½ crkrk gS fd Qsjhokyksa ds 40% cPpksa dks f'k{kk ds volj ugÈ feyrsA

• 'kgjh fu;kstu ij çHkko% CSE (2021) ds vuqlkj 'kgjh ;kstukvksa ls Qsjhokyksa dks ckgj j[kus ls voSèk vfrØe.k gksrk gS] tks 'kgjksa ds fy, nh?kZdkfyd pqukSfr;k¡ cu ldrk gSA

lekèkku% 'kksèk&vkèkkfjr lq>ko

1- foÙkh; lgk;rk%

·       ih,e Lofufèk ;kstuk dk foLrkj% bl dk;ZØe us 2020&23 rd 50 yk[k Qsjhokyksa dks 10000 #i;s dk _.k çnku fd;kA bls C;kt eqä cuk;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj vfèkd O;kid :i ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

·       ekbØksQkbusal% foÜo cSad ¼2022½ us jsgM+h&iVjh okyksa ds fy, ekbØksØsfMV laLFkkuksa rd igq¡p c<+kus dh flQkfj'k dh gSA

2- dkuwuh lqèkkj%

·       ykblsaÇlx çfØ;k dk fMftVyhdj.k% NASVI (2022) us v‚uykbu IysVQ+‚eZ vkSj eksckby ,fIyds'ku dk mi;ksx djds ykblsaÇlx çfØ;k dks ljy cukus dk çLrko fn;k tk ldrk gSA

·       ç'kklfud tokcnsgh% mRihM+u dks jksdus ds fy, iqfyl vkSj uxj fuxe ds vfèkdkfj;ksa ds f[kykQ f'kdk;r ç.kkyh cuk;h tkuh pkfg, A

3- 'kgjh fu;kstu%

·       वेंडिंग ज़ोन: CSE (2021) ds vuqlkj] 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa LVªhV osaMlZ ds fy, vko';d lqfoèkk,¡ ¼ikuh] 'kkSpky;] Nk;k½ çnku djrs gq, fuÆn"V LFkku LFkkfir fd, tkus pkfg,A

·       vif'k"V çcaèku% uxjikfydk vfèkdkfj;ksa dks dpjk fuiVku dh lqfoèkk ds fy, LVªhV osaMlZ ds lkFk lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A

4- lkekftd vkSj dkS'ky mUufr%

·       çf'k{k.k% NASVI (2022) us fMftVy Hkqxrku] LoPNrk vkSj xzkgd lsok esa çf'k{k.k nsus dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gS A

·       tkx:drk vfHk;ku% LVªhV osaÇMx dks vk; ds lEekutud lzksr ds :i esa c<+kok fn;k tk ldrk gSA

'kksèk dk mís';

1-jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa ds lkeus vkus okyh vkÆFkd vkSj ç'kklfud pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djukA

2-bu pqukSfr;ksa ds çHkko dk ewY;kadu djukA

3-uhfrxr vkSj O;kogkfjd lekèkkuksa dk çLrko djukA

'kksèk ifjdYiuk

 'kwU; ifjdYiuk (H₀):

ç'kklfud vkSj vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa ds vkSlr Lrj esa dksà egRoiw.kZ varj ugÈ gSA

     ¼µ₁ ¾ µ₂½

 oSdfYid ifjdYiuk (H₁):

ç'kklfud vkSj vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa ds vkSlr Lrj esa lkaf[;dh; :i ls egRoiw.kZ varj gSA

    ¼µ₁ ≠ µ₂½

'kksèk i)fr

;g 'kksèk i= çkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d MsVk ij vkèkkfjr gS] çkFkfed lead dk ldyu ç'ukoyh ds ekè;e ls fd;k x;k gS ,oa f}rh;d lead esa ljdkjh fjiksV~lZ] 'kS{kf.kd ys[k] vkSj lekpkj i=ksa ls tkudkjh ,d= dh xà gSA çkFkfed leadks dk fo'ys"k.k Hkh bl 'kksèk esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gS] blds vfrfjä] jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa ij dsafær dqN çkFkfed vè;;uksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA

jsgM+h O;olk; ds le{k çeq[k pqukSfr;k¡

1- vkÆFkd pqukSfr;k¡

●de vk; vkSj vfuf'prrk% jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa dh vk; ekSle] xzkgdksa dh ekax vkSj çfrLièkkZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ,d vè;;u (Sharma, 2019) ds vuqlkj] fnYyh esa jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa dh vkSlr ekfld vk; 8,000-12,000 #i;s ds chp gS] tks U;wure etnwjh ls Hkh de gSA

●_.k vkSj C;kt dk cks>% vfèkdka'k jsgM+h O;olk;h vkSipkfjd cSaÇdx ç.kkyh ls ckgj gSa vkSj lkgwdkjksa ls Å¡ph C;kt njksa ij _.k ysrs gSaA us'kuy ,lksfl,'ku v‚Q LVªhV osaMlZ v‚Q bafM;k (NASVI) dh fjiksVZ ¼2022½ ds vuqlkj] 70% ls vfèkd jsgM+h okyksa ij dtZ dk cks> gSA

●cqfu;knh <kaps dh deh% cktkjksa esa Bsys yxkus ds fy, mfpr LFkku vkSj lqfoèkkvksa ¼tSls ikuh] fctyh½ dh deh mudh mRikndrk dks çHkkfor djrh gSA

2- ç'kklfud vkSj dkuwuh pqukSfr;k¡

●voSèkrk dk eqík% Hkkjr esa jsgM+h O;olk; dks yacs le; rd voSèk ekuk tkrk jgk gSA gkyk¡fd] LVªhV osaMlZ ¼çksVsD'ku v‚Q ykboyhgqM ,aM jsxqys'ku v‚Q LVªhV osaÇMx½ ,DV] 2014 us bls oSèkkfudrk çnku dh] fQj Hkh blds dk;kZUo;u esa deh gSA ,d fjiksVZ(CSE, 2021) ds vuqlkj] dsoy 15%  jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa ds ikl oSèk ykblsal gSaA

●uxj fuxe vkSj iqfyl dk mRihM+u% jsgM+h okyksa dks vDlj tcju gVk;k tkrk gS ;k muls vukSipkfjd :i ls Þg¶rkÞ olwyk tkrk gSA ;g mudh vkthfodk ij lhèkk çHkko Mkyrk gSA

●fu;eksa dh tfVyrk% ykblsal çkIr djus dh çfØ;k tfVy vkSj le; ysus okyh gS] ftlls dà yksx vkSipkfjd ç.kkyh esa 'kkfey ugÈ gks ikrsA

vU; pqukSfr;k¡

lkekftd pqukSfr;k¡

●lkekftd dyad% jsgM+h O;olk; dks fuEu Lrj dk dke ekuk tkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k bu O;olkf;;ksa dks lEekutud LFkku ugÈ feyrkA

●LokLF; vkSj lqj{kk% yacs le; rd [kqys esa dke djus ls LokLF; leL;k,¡ ¼tSls xeÊ ls Fkdku] Üolu jksx½ mRiUu gksrh gSaA dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds nkSjku 80% jsgM+h okyksa us viuh vk; iwjh rjg [kks nh Fkh (Oxfam India, 2020)A

●f'k{kk vkSj dkS'ky dh deh% vfèkdka'k jsgM+h O;olk;h vf'kf{kr ;k vYif'kf{kr gSa] ftlds dkj.k os vkèkqfud rduhdksa ;k oSdfYid jkstxkj ds voljksa dk ykHk ugÈ mBk ikrsA

i;kZoj.kh; vkSj 'kgjhdj.k ls lacafèkr pqukSfr;k¡

●LFkku dh deh% rsth ls c<+rs 'kgjhdj.k ds dkj.k jsgM+h yxkus ds fy, txg de gksrh tk jgh gSA fnYyh vkSj eqacà tSls 'kgjksa esa ;g leL;k fo'ks"k :i ls xaHkhj gSA

●çnw"k.k vkSj LoPNrk% jsgM+h O;olk; ls mRiUu dpjk 'kgjh LoPNrk ds fy, pqukSrh curk gS] ftlds dkj.k ç'kklu bu ij l[rh djrk gSA

L=ksr& çkFkfed lead

;g rkfydk rhu çeq[k ç'uksa ij vkèkkfjr gS -

1-D;k vkidks jsgM+h O;olk; 'kq: djus esa dfBukà gqà Fkh\

2-D;k vkidks ç'kklu ls vuqefr ;k ykblsal çkIr djus esa dfBukà gqà gS\

3-D;k vkids O;olk; esa iqfyl ;k vU; ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ls fnôrsa vkrh gSa\

dqy mÙkjnkrkvksa dh la[;k (N = 112) gSA

;g lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k jsgM+h O;olk; esa vkus okyh fofHkUu çdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA çLrqr vk¡dM+s rhu çeq[k igyqvksa — O;olk; 'kq: djus esa dfBukÃ] ç'kklfud vuqefr çkIr djus esa dfBukÃ] rFkk iqfyl ;k vU; ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ls gksus okyh fnôrksa  ij vkèkkfjr gSaA dqy 112 mÙkjnkrkvksa ds mÙkjksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g fo'ys"k.k rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

çFke ç'u ÞD;k vkidks jsgM+h O;olk; 'kq: djus esa fdlh çdkj dh dfBukà gqà Fkh\ dk vkSlr (Mean) 3.28 ik;k x;k] ftlls Li"V gksrk gS fd vfèkdka'k mÙkjnkrkvksa dks O;olk; çkjaHk djus esa i;kZIr dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ekfè;dk (Median) 3.00 rFkk cgqyd ¼Mode½ 4.00 gksus ls ;g iqf"V gksrh gS fd cM+h la[;k esa mÙkjnkrk mPp Lrj dh dfBukà dk vuqHko dj jgs FksA bl ç'u dk Skewness eku –0.588 gS] tks udkjkRed fn'kk esa >qdko dks n'kkZrk gS] vFkkZr vfèkdrj mÙkj mPp dfBukà dh vksj dsafær gSaA

nwljs ç'u ÞD;k vkidks ç'kklu ls vuqefr ;k ykblsal çkIr djus esa dfBukà gqà gS\ß dk vkSlr 3.00, ekfè;dk 2.00 rFkk cgqyd 2.00 ik;k x;kA blls irk pyrk gS fd mÙkjnkrkvksa esa ls vfèkdka'k us ç'kklfud vuqefr çkIr djus dks eè;e Lrj dh dfBukà ds :i esa vuqHko fd;kA bl ç'u dk Skewness 0.256 gS] tks gYdk ldkjkRed gS] vFkkZr dqN mÙkjnkrk bl çfØ;k dks vis{kk—r dfBu ekurs gSa] tcfd dqN dks de dfBukà gqÃA

rhljs ç'u ÞD;k vkids O;olk; esa iqfyl ;k vU; ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ls dksà fnôrsa vkrh gSa\ß dk vkSlr 2.79 rFkk ekfè;dk vkSj cgqyd nksuksa 2.00 ik, x, gSaA ;g bafxr djrk gS fd iqfyl ;k ç'kklfud vfèkdkfj;ksa ls tqM+h ijs'kkfu;k¡ lkekU;r% eè;e Lrj dh gSaA Skewness –0.058 ds vuqlkj ;g MsVk yxHkx larqfyr gS] ;kuh mÙkjksa esa cgqr vfèkd >qdko ugÈ gSA

lHkh rhuksa ç'uksa esa Kurtosis dk eku udkjkRed  (−0.28, −1.33, −1.48)  gS] tks ;g ladsr nsrk gS fd mÙkjksa esa fofoèkrk vfèkd gS — dqN mÙkjnkrkvksa us vR;fèkd dfBukà crkÃ] tcfd dqN dks cgqr de dfBukà dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

lexz :i ls dgk tk, rks jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa ds fy, O;olk; çkjaHk djuk lcls pqukSrhiw.kZ pj.k lkfcr gksrk gS] tcfd ç'kklfud vuqefr vkSj iqfylh; gLr{ksi tSlh leL;k,¡ vis{kk—r de ysfdu fQj Hkh ekStwn gSaA bu vk¡dM+ksa ls ;g Li"V gS fd jsgM+h O;olk; ds {ks= esa uhfrxr lg;ksx vkSj çfØ;kRed ljyrk dh vko';drk cuh gqà gSA

Rkfydk-2 jsgM+h O;olk; esa vkÆFkd pqukSfr;k¡

L=ksr& çkFkfed lead

;g lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k jsgM+h O;olk; ls tqM+h vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa dks n'kkZrk gSA blesa rhu çeq[k ç'uksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gS —

1-D;k vkids O;olk; esa iwath dh deh ,d çeq[k leL;k gS\

2-D;k vki vius O;olk; ds fy, i;kZIr foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr dj ikrs gSa\

3-D;k vkidks mPp C;kt njksa ;k dfBu _.k çfØ;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gS\

dqy 112 mÙkjnkrkvksa ds mÙkjksa ij vkèkkfjr ;g fo'ys"k.k muds foÙkh; vuqHkoksa dk lkj çLrqr djrk gSA

igys ç'u ÞD;k vkids O;olk; esa iwath dh deh ,d çeq[k leL;k gS\ß dk vkSlr (Mean) 2.78 ik;k x;k gS] ftlls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vfèkdka'k mÙkjnkrkvksa us iwath dh deh dks eè;e Lrj dh leL;k ds :i esa ekuk gSA ekfè;dk (Median)  2-00 vkSj cgqyd (Mode)  Hkh 2.00 gksus ls ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd vfèkdrj mÙkjnkrk bl leL;k dks xaHkhj rks ekurs gSa] ysfdu ;g lHkh ds fy, leku :i ls cM+h ckèkk ugÈ gSA Skewness dk eku 0.376 gksus ls MsVk FkksM+k ldkjkRed :i ls >qdk gqvk gS] vFkkZr dqN mÙkjnkrk iwath dh deh dks vis{kk—r de xaHkhj ekurs gSaA

nwljs ç'u ÞD;k vki vius O;olk; ds fy, i;kZIr foÙkh; lgk;rk çkIr dj ikrs gSa\ß dk vkSlr 2.71 ekfè;dk 3.00 vkSj cgqyd 2.00 gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd mÙkjnkrkvksa esa erHksn gSa — dqN dks foÙkh; lgk;rk feyrh gS tcfd dqN dks ugÈA Skewness 0.266 gksus ls ;g Li"V gS fd mÙkj gYds rkSj ij ldkjkRed >qdko n'kkZrs gSa] ;kuh dqN yksxksa us i;kZIr lgk;rk çkIr djus dh ckr dh gS] ysfdu vfèkdka'k dks bldh deh eglwl gksrh gSA

rhljs ç'u ÞD;k vkidks mPp C;kt njksa ;k dfBu _.k çfØ;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gS\ß dk vkSlr 2.88 ekfè;dk 2.00 vkSj cgqyd 2.00 gSA ;g bafxr djrk gS fd vfèkdka'k mÙkjnkrkvksa dks _.k çfØ;k esa dfBukà dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] ijarq ;g leL;k lHkh ds fy, leku :i ls xaHkhj ugÈ gSA Skewness 0.189  dk gYdk ldkjkRed eku ;g n'kkZrk gS fd dqN mÙkjnkrkvksa ds vuqHko vis{kk—r csgrj jgs gSaA

lHkh ç'uksa esa Kurtosis ds eku udkjkRed (-1.12, -1.02, -1.39) gSa] tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd mÙkjksa esa fofoèkrk vfèkd gS — ;kuh dqN O;olkf;;ksa dks vR;fèkd vkÆFkd dfBukb;k¡ gSa] tcfd dqN dks vis{kk—r deA

lexz :i ls dgk tk, rks ;g fo'ys"k.k n'kkZrk gS fd iwath dh deh] _.k çkIr djus esa dfBukÃ] vkSj mPp C;kt njsa jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa dh çeq[k vkÆFkd pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA gkykafd bu leL;kvksa dh rhozrk lHkh esa leku ugÈ gS] ijarq vkSlru vfèkdka'k O;olk;h foÙkh; lgk;rk dh deh vkSj _.k dh tfVy çfØ;kvksa ls ijs'kku gSaA blls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd bl oxZ ds fy, foÙkh; lekos'ku vkSj lqyHk _.k ;kstuk,¡ vR;ar vko';d gSaA

ifjdYiuk ijh{k.k (Hypothesis Testing)

ifjp; (Introduction)

;g fjiksVZ jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa ds le{k vkus okyh ç'kklfud ,oa vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij rS;kj dh xà gSA

bldk mís'; ;g irk yxkuk gS fd D;k bu nksuksa çdkj dh dfBukb;ksa ds Lrj esa dksà lkaf[;dh; :i ls egRoiw.kZ varj ekStwn gS ;k ugÈA

ifjdYiuk fuekZ.k (Hypothesis Formulation)

'kwU; ifjdYiuk (H₀):

ç'kklfud vkSj vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa ds vkSlr Lrj esa dksà egRoiw.kZ varj ugÈ gSA

¼µ₁ ¾ µ₂½

 oSdfYid ifjdYiuk (H₁):

ç'kklfud vkSj vkÆFkd pqukSfr;ksa ds vkSlr Lrj esa lkaf[;dh; :i ls egRoiw.kZ varj gSA

¼µ₁ ≠ µ₂½

lkaf[;dh; vk¡dM+s (Statistical Data)

nksuksa rkfydkvksa ds vkSlr (Mean) fuEu çdkj ls çkIr gq, —

Rkfydk-3 vkSlr (Mean) ekfè;dk (Median) cgqyd (Mode)

L=ksr& çkFkfed lead

uewuk vkdkj (n₁ = n₂ = 112) vkSj ekud =qfV (Standard Error) yxHkx 0.095 ekuh xÃA           

ifjdYiuk ijh{k.k (t-test Calculation)

;gk¡ Lora= uewuk t&ijh{k.k (Independent Sample t-Test) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA

fMxzh v‚Q ÝhMe (df)  ¾ 112 + 112 – 2 = 222

flfXufQdsal Lrj ¼α½ ¾ 0.05

fØfVdy oSY;w (t₀.₀₅, nks rjQk½ ¾ 1.97

D;ksafd x.kuk fd;k x;k t = 1.71 < 1.97,

blfy, 'kwU; ifjdYiuk (H₀)  dks vLohdkj ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA

5- fu"d"kkZRed O;k[;k (Interpretation and Conclusion)

lkaf[;dh; ijh{k.k ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk fd ç'kklfud vkSj vkÆFkd dfBukb;ksa ds vkSlr Lrj esa dksà egRoiw.kZ varj ugÈ gSA

bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa dks ftu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] os dsoy vkÆFkd dkj.kksa rd lhfer ugÈ gSa] cfYd ç'kklfud] lkekftd vkSj fu;ked dkjd Hkh leku :i ls çHkko Mkyrs gSaA

vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd —

jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa dh fLFkjrk vkSj mUufr ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk] ljy _.k çfØ;k] ç'kklfud lg;ksx vkSj uhfrxr leFkZu lHkh dh leku :i ls vko';drk gSA

çHkko dk fo'ys"k.k

bu pqukSfr;ksa dk jsgM+h O;olkf;;ksa ds thou ij xgjk çHkko iM+rk gSA vkÆFkd vfuf'prrk mUgsa xjhch ds pØ esa Q¡lk, j[krh gS] tcfd ç'kklfud mRihM+u vkSj lkekftd cfg"dkj muds vkRelEeku dks Bsl igq¡pkrk gSA blds vfrfjä] 'kgjh fu;kstu esa mudh vuns[kh ls ;g O;olk; èkhjs&èkhjs ladV dh vksj c<+ jgk gSA

lekèkku vkSj lq>ko

1-uhfrxr lqèkkj%

·       LVªhV osaMlZ ,DV] 2014 dk çHkkoh dk;kZUo;u lqfuf'pr djukA

·       ykblsal çfØ;k dks ljy vkSj fMftVy cukukA

2-vkÆFkd lgk;rk%

·       lw{e _.k ;kstukvksa ¼ekbØksQkbusal½ dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj C;kt eqä _.k miyCèk djkukA

·       ih,e Lofufèk ;kstuk ¼2020½ tSlh igyksa dk foLrkj djukA

3-cqfu;knh <kapk fodkl%

·       'kgjksa esa ÞosaÇMx tksuÞ LFkkfir djuk] tgk¡ ikuh] fctyh vkSj 'kkSpky; tSlh lqfoèkk,¡ gksaA

4-dkS'ky fodkl%

·       jsgM+h okyksa ds fy, fMftVy Hkqxrku] LoPNrk vkSj O;olk; çcaèku dk çf'k{k.k vk;ksftr djukA

5-lkekftd tkx:drk%

·       jsgM+h O;olk; dks lEekutud vkthfodk ds :i esa çpkfjr djukA

Hkfo"; esa 'kksèk gsrq lq>ko & orZeku 'kksèk esa jsgM+h O;olk; esa O;kIr vkÆFkd ,oa ç'kklfud pqukSfr;ksa dks eq[;r% dsfUær fd;k x;k gS] tcfd bl O;olk; esa O;kIr cgqr ls vkSj Hkh pqukSfr;k gS ftl ij vè;;u Hkfo"; esa 'kksèkdrkZ }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls bl O;olk; ls tqM+s lHkh leL;kvksa dk vè;;u laHko gks lds A

fu"d"kZ

jsgM+h O;olk; Hkkjr dh 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gS] fQj Hkh blds lkeus vkus okyh pqukSfr;k¡ bls det+ksj cuk jgh gSaA bu eqíksa dk lekèkku rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ljdkj] ukxfjd lekt vkSj m|eh Lo;a lg;ksx djsaA ,d lekos'kh uhfr vkSj lgdkjh j.kuhfr bl {ks= dks lqjf{kr vkSj l'kä cuk ldrh gSA dà vè;;uksa vkSj fjiksVks± ls ladsr feyrk gS fd jsgM+h O;olk; 'kgjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkxs c<+krk gS] ysfdu ;g fofoèk pqukSfr;ksa ls Hkh f?kjk gqvk gSA vkÆFkd vfLFkjrk] dkuwuh vLi"Vrk] lkekftd gkf'k, ij gksuk vkSj 'kgjh ruko bl m|ksx ds lkeus vkus okyh çeq[k ckèkk,¡ gSaA uhfrxr cnykoksa] rduhdh mUufr vkSj lkeqnkf;d lg;ksx ds ekè;e ls buls fuiVk tk ldrk gSA LVªhV osaMlZ ,DV] 2014 vkSj ih,e Lofufèk tSlh igy ldkjkRed dne gSa] ysfdu buds çHkkoh fØ;kUo;u vkSj foLrkj dh vko';drk gSA jsgM+h O;olk; dh lqj{kk u dsoy vkÆFkd lekos'ku ds fy, cfYd Hkkjr ds 'kgjh i;kZoj.k dh thoarrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA