Mamta Sahu*1, Prabhavati Shukla2
1 School of
Studies in Psychology, Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
2 School of
Studies in Psychology, Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
ABSTRACT
Psychological well-being refers to a Person’s
emotional and mental well-being, which includes perseverance, contentment, and
stable relationships. It helps people manage stress and conquer obstacles in
life by promoting happiness, satisfaction, and purpose. This study aims to
determine if Mindfulness might be responsible for differences in psychological
health and well-being. Mindfulness is defined as intentionally focusing on a
specific aspect of the present experience while avoiding judgements or being attached
to any ideas, emotions, or thoughts that might appear in the student’s consciousness.
A survey of adolescents between the age of 16 and 19 served as the basis for
this correlational investigation. Mindfulness awareness scale and psychological
well-being scale measures were used for assessment. Using convenience sampling,
A total of 250 people was included in the study, and offline and online data
collection methods were used. Pearson Correlational analysis and t-test were
used for statistical analysis. Correlational research revealed a positive
relationship between psychological well-being and mindfulness.
Keywords:
Mindfulness,
Psychological wellbeing, hedonic wellbeing, eudemonic wellbeing.
INTRODUCTION
In
many countries, adolescents are experiencing various stressors that may
negatively affect their psychological well-being (Anyanwu, 2023, Zara, 2023). Hence, they are at risk for physical and mental
problems, and mental health practitioners are concerned about the wellbeing of
adolescents(Abramson, 2022). Psychologists and philosophers conceptualize the
complex construct of well-being in various ways. Positive psychology is
becoming increasingly interested in two popular conceptions of well-being:
psychological well-being (PWB) and subjective well-being(Chang et al., 2015). While the terms SWB and PWB are often used
interchangeably, they are derived from separate traditions: hedonism and
eudemonism (Joseph, 2009). Psychological
well-being is measured using Eudemonism concept which was proposed by
Aristotle, which includes autonomy, environmental mastery, personal progress,
positive interactions with others (Cash & Whittingham, 2010), self-acceptance, and life purpose (Ryff & Singer, 2006). Beyond the absence of mental disease or negative
moods, hedonic and eudemonic wellness also includes positive states and is
defined by positive functioning in life (Bishop et al., 2004; Keng et al., 2011; Keyes et
al., 2002).
The intention to focus on present moment experience
without judgment is sometimes referred to as mindfulness, which is the Western
adaption of Eastern contemplative practice and is essential to many of these
interactions (Edenfield & Saeed, 2012). The
translation of traditional Eastern terminology such as sati (Pali), dranpa
(Tibetan), and smrti (Sanskrit) is "mindfulness." Modern Western
psychology defines mindfulness as the intentional, detectable, and welcoming
state of awareness reached via paying attention to one's sensations in the
present moment (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). It is believed that mindfulness promotes
interceptive awareness, or insight into the connection between the mind and
body, regulation of emotion and mindfulness can improve psychological
well-being by stimulating coping mechanisms (Guendelman et al., 2017). By focusing on mindfulness, one will have a more
positive attitude toward one’s abilities and be more successful in coping with
emotional consequences, focused attention and awareness in the present moment
without judgment creates a coping mechanism to overcome difficulties (Brown & Ryan, 2003, Keng et al., 2011) . By focusing on mindfulness, one will have a more
positive attitude toward one’s abilities and be more successful in coping with
emotional consequences. Mindfulness is defined by one’s focused attention and
awareness in the present moment without judgment and with acceptance (Brown & Ryan, 2003; di Pierdomenico et al.,
2017; Jensen et al., 2012; Semple, 2010; Stenhaug & Solem, 2024), researchers have identified two primary components
of mindfulness: (1) self-regulated attention, which involves focusing one’s
attention on the present moment and (2) an orientation to experience which
describes an open, aware and accepting mindset (Bishop et al., 2004).
Studies which have been done on mindfulness showed
that increasing mindfulness in college students may improve their capacity to
handle the stress (Bamber & Kraenzle Schneider, 2016; Galante et
al., 2018; Huberty et al., 2019) of their education, which may have a positive
effect on their social, emotional, and academic functioning (Beauchemin et al., 2008; Bóo et al., 2020; Flook et
al., 2024). It may also help them maintain better mental health and experience
less psychological discomfort (Hess & Copeland, 2001,) Mindfulness training can improve the kinds of
qualities that modern education aims to develop, including empathy,
self-regulation, self-compassion, problem solving, and open-mindedness (Hasan & Uddin, 2024). The article by Jen-Ho Chang, Chin Lan Huang, and
Yi-Cheng Lin (2015) proposed the basic psychological needs fulfillment
(autonomy, relatedness, and competence) as the main mechanisms that account for
the relationship between mindfulness and well-being. This theory was based on
the self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000). It enables them to solve their own problems in the
future and develop into knowledgeable, kind, and devoted citizens. It has long
been thought that the quality of mindfulness in consciousness enhances wellbeing.
Research has demonstrated that cultivating mindfulness via training supports a
range of well-being outcome theories. As a result, numerous schools of
psychology and psychotherapy have addressed the significance of attentive,
observant awareness and attention in the optimization of wellbeing and
self-regulation.
By encouraging self-regulated behavior through
activities that align with people’s own needs, values, and interests,
mindfulness can help people become more psychologically aware. These
distinctions make it easier to distinguish between ideas and reality. Higher
levels of mindfulness therefore favorably impact psychological wellbeing, for
example, by fostering nonjudgmental experiences individual gain cognitive
flexibility, awareness of self and clarity of thoughts. Bitar and his colleagues find indirect effect of
mindfulness on mental health and wellbeing of Lebanese University students,
they also found that high level of Mindfulness is significantly correlated with
higher level of psychological well-being and increased level of anxiety,
depression is significantly associated with lower level of mindfulness (Bitar
et al., 2023; Cash & Whittingham, 2010). In a cross sectional study done by Baroni it is
found that dispositional mindfulness reduces emotional distress similar results
were found by Hanley and his Colleagues (Baroni et al., 2018; Hanley et al., 2015), offering mindfulness treatments in schools could be
taken into consideration because prevention and education can take place there
at the same time, focusing on various needs and unmet potential of the students.
New mindfulness therapies have been incorporated into Western psychology, and
mindfulness techniques have gathered significant attention from researchers and
are becoming increasingly popular (Brown & Ryan, 2003).
Within mindfulness research, there have been numerous
studies on mindfulness-based interventions that increases peoples mindfulness
and to alleviate physical and mental health issues such as Anxiety (Hoge et al., 2013), Stress (Priyadarshini, 2021) Impulsivity (Yao et al., 2017, Zaccari et al., 2021),Conduct disorder (Gupta, 2018, Roux & Philippot, 2020),Aggression (Zhang & Zhang, 2021, Anurekha K, 2021, Singh et al., 2016) and improvement in wellbeing. According to a national
representative survey commissioned by the Mental Health Foundation (MHF), the
majority of British individuals (80%) think that their fast-paced, modern
lifestyles are the primary source of stress and/or illness and that they can
enhance their health by reducing their pace and engaging in mindfulness
practices. Many different types of mental health practitioners believes that
mindfulness meditation may be good for people’s health (Shonin et al., 2014).
Thus, the main goal of the current study was to find
out if mindfulness may explain differences in psychological symptoms and psychological
well-being. According to the first hypothesis, psychological wellness and
mindfulness would be positively associated. The correlation between mindfulness
and dimensions of well-being (autonomy, positive relations with others,
environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance) was
also investigated in this study. Although previous studies have found that
there is a positive relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being,
there is no clear evidence that there is any difference in mindfulness between
males and females. Some studies reported that females have higher levels of
mindfulness than males (Kaur, 2022) and some studies stated that males have higher level
of present-moment awareness. In the present study researcher tried to explore
clear evidence of gender differences on the level of mindfulness.
Objectives
- To
study the correlation between Mindfulness and Psychological Well-being and
its dimensions (e.g. Satisfaction, efficiency, Sociability, Mental Health,
Interpersonal Relations).
- To
assess the predictive ability of mindfulness on psychological Well-being
and its dimensions.
- To see the difference between males and
females on the level of mindfulness.
Materials and methods
Participants: The present
study was conducted in government schools and colleges from Chhattisgarh. Subjects
were asked to complete questionnaires about psychological well-being and
mindfulness to participate in this study. A total 250 students aged between 16
to 19 years were included in the present study from which 76 Were recruited
from an online survey and 174 through offline survey, but 2 students did not
fill out their questionnaire so those responses were excluded from the study
total 248 participants data were considered for the research findings. For
students below 18 years age consent were taken from their teachers.
Design:
The correlational research design was
used in the present study where mindfulness is an independent variable and
psychological well-being is a dependent variable.
Procedure: Questionnaires were distributed to the participants
in both offline and online formats. Two individuals who did not finish the form
and their responses were removed from the study. Before any data was collected,
verbal consent was obtained from each participant after explaining purpose of
the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw
from it at any time. Participants were also told that all data were anonymized
at the point of collection. The questionnaire was collected over a 2-week
period.
Materials
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS,
Brown & Ryan,2003)
The Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
is a 15-item tool designed to assess trait mindfulness, focusing on a receptive
state of mind where attention is informed by a sensitive awareness of current
situations. The MAAS has a broad record of validity and has been validated with
college, community, and cancer patient samples. It assesses a unique quality of
consciousness related to self-regulation and well-being constructs. The MAAS
consists of two components: such as awareness, which is our direct contact with
reality, and attention, which involves paying attention to internal and
external experiences.
Psychological wellbeing scale (Sisodia
& Choudhary,2012)
The Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB) is a
50-item self-report measure developed by Dr. Devendra Singh Sisodia and Pooja
Choudhary, 2012, to assess psychological well-being. It includes dimensions
such as satisfaction, efficiency, sociability, mental health, and interpersonal
relations. The scale's reliability was found to be 0.80, with an internal
consistency reliability coefficient of 0.90 and an external criteria validity
of 0.94.
Data Analysis: The relationship between mindfulness,
psychological well-being and dimensions of wellbeing were assessed by standard Pearson
correlation analysis method and gender difference on Mindfulness was analyzed
through t-test.
Results and
Discussion:
Table 1
Socio-demographic Characteristics of Participants
|
No of participants (n=250)
|
Males
(n=56)
|
Females
(n=192)
|
Mode of participation(n=250)
|
Online
(n=76)
|
Offline
(n=174)
|
Schools
|
Government school
(n=145)
|
Private schools
(n=155)
|
Table 2
|
Mindfulness
|
Psychological
wellbeing
|
Satisfaction
|
Efficiency
|
Sociability
|
Mental
Health
|
Interpersonal
relation
|
Mindfulness
|
Pearson
Correlation
|
1
|
.687**
|
.516**
|
.498**
|
.556**
|
.498**
|
.556**
|
Sig.
(2-tailed)
|
|
.000
|
.000
|
.000
|
.011
|
.000
|
.000
|
N
|
248
|
248
|
248
|
248
|
248
|
248
|
248
|
The regression analysis
was conducted to examine the relationship between mindfulness(predictor) and
various dependent variables. Results showed that there is significant
relationship exist between mindfulness and psychological wellbeing (.687
P<.01) globally as well as dimension wise at 0.01 significance level which
indicates high significance level. Table also indicates there is significant
relationship exist between mindfulness and satisfaction (.516 P<.01),
efficiency (.498 P<.01), Sociability (.556 P<.01), mental health (.498
P<.01), interpersonal relations (.556 P<.01).
Table 3
Table no. 3 shows that mindfulness has been found to
be a significant predictor for satisfaction, efficiency, sociability, mental
health, interpersonal relation and psychological wellbeing.
As results indicate that there is a positive
correlation between Mindfulness and Overall psychological wellbeing, as well as
the specific dimensions of wellbeing like satisfaction, efficiency, sociability,
mental health and interpersonal relations. Mindfulness was found to be a
significant predictor of these aspects of wellbeing. practicing mindfulness is
helpful in treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms and is beneficial for
improving mental health (Huberty et al., 2021), it also enhances self-regulation
of emotion that is also essential for maintaining psychological health because
dysregulated emotions lead to development in psychological problems (Deplus et
al., 2016). Mindfulness improves psychological wellbeing by reducing negative
symptoms like depression anxiety and stress (Gopalswamy et al., 2022),
mindfulness has positive effect on executive functioning and psycho-emotional
wellbeing (Bigelow et al., 2021), mindfulness training is helpful in reducing
behavioral issues and increasing attention. This study suggests that
mindfulness promotes self-regulation, emotional control, and present-moment
awareness, which can enhance life satisfaction, efficiency, sociability and
mental health. By fostering non-judgmental experiences, mindfulness can
positively impact psychological wellbeing.
Life
satisfaction is the general evaluation of the individual’s life, which is of
great significance achieve a better life. Through mindfulness people can
practice self-regulation and become able to control their emotion and desires
as per the situation. Mindfulness enables people to enjoy their everyday work
with satisfaction (Christopher & Gilbert, 2010, Kappen et al., 2019).
Efficiency is
the state or quality of being efficient, or able to accomplish something with
the least waste of time and effort, competency in performance. People who
practice mindfulness and live in the present moment are better at setting the
right goals. Mindfulness increases our ability to pay attention and stay
focused. Mindfulness increases the efficiency of brain pathways that process
information coming from senses, it also boosts ability of the brain to direct
attention to the task or situation of interest. This way people are better able
to focus on the task and ignore distractions (Di Francesco et al., 2017).
Sociability means the quality of being sociable, the
quality of liking to meet and spend time with other people. Mindfulness
enhances our ability to understand ourselves and others. It means being present
attentive and respectful when engaging with people. Mindful peoples are able to
balance their own needs along with others in social situation and act more
sensitively and respectfully towards them. They know how to communicate; they
are able to listen other’s opinion and they also accept that people can make
mistakes.
Mental health is a state of mental well-being that
enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities,
learn well and work well, and contribute to the community. Mindfulness is
positively correlated with mental health. Mindfulness can help you feel better
and reduce stress (Crego et al., 2020), it is
positively correlated with mental health. Mindful people are less likely to be
affected by mental issues like anxiety, depression and other behavioural
problems (Chang et al., 2014).
Interpersonal
relation (or interpersonal relationship) is a social connection or affiliation
between two or more people. Mindfulness involves an awareness of self and
others, accompanied with the qualities of a non-judgemental and non-reactive
presence.
Psychological
well-being is a state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of
distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality
of life. It involves having positive feelings about oneself, one’s situation,
and one’s future, as well as the awareness and understanding of one’s emotions
and how well one can cope with challenges. Well-being is the experience of
health, happiness and prosperity. Mindfulness practice is effective in
enhancing psychological wellbeing (Bigelow et al., 2021, A. Hanley et al.,
2015, Baer et al., 2012).
Table no. 4
From the table no. 4 it is
clear that there is no significant difference between girls and boys on mindfulness
measures. This study suggests that on average, both males and females exhibit
similar levels of mindfulness, possibly due to cultural norms, societal
expectations, or individual factors. Another possible reason for this kind of
result could be that the measure used may not accurately reflect
gender-specific differences, potentially leading to non-significant results if
it is not sensitive to subtle variations in practice or experience.
Mindfulness was positively correlated with overall
psychological wellbeing, autonomy, positively relation with others and
environmental mastery is moderately and positively correlated with mindfulness
and personal growth, purpose in life is also positively correlated with
mindfulness but that relationship is weak.
Implications: practitioners of mindfulness states
that increase in mindfulness can bring positive change in mental state and
increase in wellbeing, so mindfulness-based strategies can be used to enhance people’s
awareness about themselves so they would be able to recognize their own
strengths and limitations so that they can work on to overcome their
shortcomings and can enhance their wellbeing.
Limitation of study: measures of mindfulness used in the present study
consisted of only 15 items. Number of male participants were less so there is
less generalizability on males population.
Conclusion
Result
of the present study showed that mindfulness is positively correlated with
psychological wellbeing, mindfulness significantly predicted well-being which means increase in mindfulness can increase
the mental wellbeing of people so mindfulness-based strategies like mindfulness
meditation, body imagining technique being aware about cognition and thoughts
can be helpful in increasing psychological wellness of adolescents. research
also suggests that no gender difference exist between girls and boys on mindfulness
measures.
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