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Author(s): Mamta Sahu, Prabhavati Shukla

Email(s): bhavnasahu2701@gmail.com

Address: School of Studies in Psychology, Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
School of Studies in Psychology, Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
*Corresponding author: bhavnasahu2701@gmail.com

Published In:   Volume - 31,      Issue - 1,     Year - 2025


Cite this article:
Sahu and Shukla (2025). Psychological Wellbeing and Mindfulness: A Correlational Study. Journal of Ravishankar University (Part-A: SOCIAL-SCIENCE), 31(1), pp.1-9. DOI:



Psychological Wellbeing and Mindfulness: A Correlational Study
Mamta Sahu*1, Prabhavati Shukla2

1 School of Studies in Psychology, Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

2 School of Studies in Psychology, Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

 

*Corresponding author: bhavnasahu2701@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Psychological well-being refers to a Person’s emotional and mental well-being, which includes perseverance, contentment, and stable relationships. It helps people manage stress and conquer obstacles in life by promoting happiness, satisfaction, and purpose. This study aims to determine if Mindfulness might be responsible for differences in psychological health and well-being. Mindfulness is defined as intentionally focusing on a specific aspect of the present experience while avoiding judgements or being attached to any ideas, emotions, or thoughts that might appear in the student’s consciousness. A survey of adolescents between the age of 16 and 19 served as the basis for this correlational investigation. Mindfulness awareness scale and psychological well-being scale measures were used for assessment. Using convenience sampling, A total of 250 people was included in the study, and offline and online data collection methods were used. Pearson Correlational analysis and t-test were used for statistical analysis. Correlational research revealed a positive relationship between psychological well-being and mindfulness.

Keywords: Mindfulness, Psychological wellbeing, hedonic wellbeing, eudemonic wellbeing.

INTRODUCTION

In many countries, adolescents are experiencing various stressors that may negatively affect their psychological well-being (Anyanwu, 2023, Zara, 2023). Hence, they are at risk for physical and mental problems, and mental health practitioners are concerned about the wellbeing of adolescents(Abramson, 2022). Psychologists and philosophers conceptualize the complex construct of well-being in various ways. Positive psychology is becoming increasingly interested in two popular conceptions of well-being: psychological well-being (PWB) and subjective well-being(Chang et al., 2015). While the terms SWB and PWB are often used interchangeably, they are derived from separate traditions: hedonism and eudemonism (Joseph, 2009). Psychological well-being is measured using Eudemonism concept which was proposed by Aristotle, which includes autonomy, environmental mastery, personal progress, positive interactions with others (Cash & Whittingham, 2010), self-acceptance, and life purpose (Ryff & Singer, 2006). Beyond the absence of mental disease or negative moods, hedonic and eudemonic wellness also includes positive states and is defined by positive functioning in life (Bishop et al., 2004; Keng et al., 2011; Keyes et al., 2002).
The intention to focus on present moment experience without judgment is sometimes referred to as mindfulness, which is the Western adaption of Eastern contemplative practice and is essential to many of these interactions (Edenfield & Saeed, 2012). The translation of traditional Eastern terminology such as sati (Pali), dranpa (Tibetan), and smrti (Sanskrit) is "mindfulness." Modern Western psychology defines mindfulness as the intentional, detectable, and welcoming state of awareness reached via paying attention to one's sensations in the present moment (Kabat-Zinn, 2003). It is believed that mindfulness promotes interceptive awareness, or insight into the connection between the mind and body, regulation of emotion and mindfulness can improve psychological well-being by stimulating coping mechanisms (Guendelman et al., 2017). By focusing on mindfulness, one will have a more positive attitude toward one’s abilities and be more successful in coping with emotional consequences, focused attention and awareness in the present moment without judgment creates a coping mechanism to overcome difficulties (Brown & Ryan, 2003, Keng et al., 2011) . By focusing on mindfulness, one will have a more positive attitude toward one’s abilities and be more successful in coping with emotional consequences. Mindfulness is defined by one’s focused attention and awareness in the present moment without judgment and with acceptance (Brown & Ryan, 2003; di Pierdomenico et al., 2017; Jensen et al., 2012; Semple, 2010; Stenhaug & Solem, 2024), researchers have identified two primary components of mindfulness: (1) self-regulated attention, which involves focusing one’s attention on the present moment and (2) an orientation to experience which describes an open, aware and accepting mindset (Bishop et al., 2004).
Studies which have been done on mindfulness showed that increasing mindfulness in college students may improve their capacity to handle the stress (Bamber & Kraenzle Schneider, 2016; Galante et al., 2018; Huberty et al., 2019) of their education, which may have a positive effect on their social, emotional, and academic functioning (Beauchemin et al., 2008; Bóo et al., 2020; Flook et al., 2024). It may also help them maintain better mental health and experience less psychological discomfort (Hess & Copeland, 2001,) Mindfulness training can improve the kinds of qualities that modern education aims to develop, including empathy, self-regulation, self-compassion, problem solving, and open-mindedness (Hasan & Uddin, 2024). The article by Jen-Ho Chang, Chin Lan Huang, and Yi-Cheng Lin (2015) proposed the basic psychological needs fulfillment (autonomy, relatedness, and competence) as the main mechanisms that account for the relationship between mindfulness and well-being. This theory was based on the self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000). It enables them to solve their own problems in the future and develop into knowledgeable, kind, and devoted citizens. It has long been thought that the quality of mindfulness in consciousness enhances wellbeing. Research has demonstrated that cultivating mindfulness via training supports a range of well-being outcome theories. As a result, numerous schools of psychology and psychotherapy have addressed the significance of attentive, observant awareness and attention in the optimization of wellbeing and self-regulation.

By encouraging self-regulated behavior through activities that align with people’s own needs, values, and interests, mindfulness can help people become more psychologically aware. These distinctions make it easier to distinguish between ideas and reality. Higher levels of mindfulness therefore favorably impact psychological wellbeing, for example, by fostering nonjudgmental experiences individual gain cognitive flexibility, awareness of self and clarity of thoughts. Bitar and his colleagues find indirect effect of mindfulness on mental health and wellbeing of Lebanese University students, they also found that high level of Mindfulness is significantly correlated with higher level of psychological well-being and increased level of anxiety, depression is significantly associated with lower level of mindfulness (Bitar et al., 2023; Cash & Whittingham, 2010). In a cross sectional study done by Baroni it is found that dispositional mindfulness reduces emotional distress similar results were found by Hanley and his Colleagues (Baroni et al., 2018; Hanley et al., 2015), offering mindfulness treatments in schools could be taken into consideration because prevention and education can take place there at the same time, focusing on various needs and unmet potential of the students. New mindfulness therapies have been incorporated into Western psychology, and mindfulness techniques have gathered significant attention from researchers and are becoming increasingly popular (Brown & Ryan, 2003).

Within mindfulness research, there have been numerous studies on mindfulness-based interventions that increases peoples mindfulness and to alleviate physical and mental health issues such as Anxiety (Hoge et al., 2013), Stress (Priyadarshini, 2021) Impulsivity (Yao et al., 2017,  Zaccari et al., 2021),Conduct disorder (Gupta, 2018, Roux & Philippot, 2020),Aggression (Zhang & Zhang, 2021, Anurekha K, 2021, Singh et al., 2016) and improvement in wellbeing. According to a national representative survey commissioned by the Mental Health Foundation (MHF), the majority of British individuals (80%) think that their fast-paced, modern lifestyles are the primary source of stress and/or illness and that they can enhance their health by reducing their pace and engaging in mindfulness practices. Many different types of mental health practitioners believes that mindfulness meditation may be good for people’s health (Shonin et al., 2014).

Thus, the main goal of the current study was to find out if mindfulness may explain differences in psychological symptoms and psychological well-being. According to the first hypothesis, psychological wellness and mindfulness would be positively associated. The correlation between mindfulness and dimensions of well-being (autonomy, positive relations with others, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, and self-acceptance) was also investigated in this study. Although previous studies have found that there is a positive relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being, there is no clear evidence that there is any difference in mindfulness between males and females. Some studies reported that females have higher levels of mindfulness than males (Kaur, 2022) and some studies stated that males have higher level of present-moment awareness. In the present study researcher tried to explore clear evidence of gender differences on the level of mindfulness.

Objectives

  • To study the correlation between Mindfulness and Psychological Well-being and its dimensions (e.g. Satisfaction, efficiency, Sociability, Mental Health, Interpersonal Relations).
  • To assess the predictive ability of mindfulness on psychological Well-being and its dimensions.
  • To see the difference between males and females on the level of mindfulness.
Materials and methods
Participants: The present study was conducted in government schools and colleges from Chhattisgarh. Subjects were asked to complete questionnaires about psychological well-being and mindfulness to participate in this study. A total 250 students aged between 16 to 19 years were included in the present study from which 76 Were recruited from an online survey and 174 through offline survey, but 2 students did not fill out their questionnaire so those responses were excluded from the study total 248 participants data were considered for the research findings. For students below 18 years age consent were taken from their teachers.

Design: The correlational research design was used in the present study where mindfulness is an independent variable and psychological well-being is a dependent variable.

Procedure: Questionnaires were distributed to the participants in both offline and online formats. Two individuals who did not finish the form and their responses were removed from the study. Before any data was collected, verbal consent was obtained from each participant after explaining purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw from it at any time. Participants were also told that all data were anonymized at the point of collection. The questionnaire was collected over a 2-week period.

Materials

Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS, Brown & Ryan,2003)

The Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) is a 15-item tool designed to assess trait mindfulness, focusing on a receptive state of mind where attention is informed by a sensitive awareness of current situations. The MAAS has a broad record of validity and has been validated with college, community, and cancer patient samples. It assesses a unique quality of consciousness related to self-regulation and well-being constructs. The MAAS consists of two components: such as awareness, which is our direct contact with reality, and attention, which involves paying attention to internal and external experiences.

 

 

Psychological wellbeing scale (Sisodia & Choudhary,2012)

The Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB) is a 50-item self-report measure developed by Dr. Devendra Singh Sisodia and Pooja Choudhary, 2012, to assess psychological well-being. It includes dimensions such as satisfaction, efficiency, sociability, mental health, and interpersonal relations. The scale's reliability was found to be 0.80, with an internal consistency reliability coefficient of 0.90 and an external criteria validity of 0.94.

Data Analysis: The relationship between mindfulness, psychological well-being and dimensions of wellbeing were assessed by standard Pearson correlation analysis method and gender difference on Mindfulness was analyzed through t-test.

Results and Discussion:

Table 1

Socio-demographic Characteristics of Participants

No of participants (n=250)

Males

(n=56)

Females

(n=192)

Mode of participation(n=250)

Online

(n=76)

Offline

(n=174)

Schools

Government school

(n=145)

Private schools

(n=155)

 

Table 2

 

Mindfulness

Psychological wellbeing

Satisfaction

Efficiency

Sociability

Mental

Health

Interpersonal

relation

Mindfulness

Pearson Correlation

1

.687**

.516**

.498**

.556**

.498**

.556**

Sig.

(2-tailed)

 

.000

.000

.000

.011

.000

.000

N

248

248

248

248

248

248

248

 

The regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between mindfulness(predictor) and various dependent variables. Results showed that there is significant relationship exist between mindfulness and psychological wellbeing (.687 P<.01) globally as well as dimension wise at 0.01 significance level which indicates high significance level. Table also indicates there is significant relationship exist between mindfulness and satisfaction (.516 P<.01), efficiency (.498 P<.01), Sociability (.556 P<.01), mental health (.498 P<.01), interpersonal relations (.556 P<.01).

 

Table 3

 

Table no. 3 shows that mindfulness has been found to be a significant predictor for satisfaction, efficiency, sociability, mental health, interpersonal relation and psychological wellbeing.
As results indicate that there is a positive correlation between Mindfulness and Overall psychological wellbeing, as well as the specific dimensions of wellbeing like satisfaction, efficiency, sociability, mental health and interpersonal relations. Mindfulness was found to be a significant predictor of these aspects of wellbeing. practicing mindfulness is helpful in treatment of depression and anxiety symptoms and is beneficial for improving mental health (Huberty et al., 2021), it also enhances self-regulation of emotion that is also essential for maintaining psychological health because dysregulated emotions lead to development in psychological problems (Deplus et al., 2016). Mindfulness improves psychological wellbeing by reducing negative symptoms like depression anxiety and stress (Gopalswamy et al., 2022), mindfulness has positive effect on executive functioning and psycho-emotional wellbeing (Bigelow et al., 2021), mindfulness training is helpful in reducing behavioral issues and increasing attention. This study suggests that mindfulness promotes self-regulation, emotional control, and present-moment awareness, which can enhance life satisfaction, efficiency, sociability and mental health. By fostering non-judgmental experiences, mindfulness can positively impact psychological wellbeing.
Life satisfaction is the general evaluation of the individual’s life, which is of great significance achieve a better life. Through mindfulness people can practice self-regulation and become able to control their emotion and desires as per the situation. Mindfulness enables people to enjoy their everyday work with satisfaction (Christopher & Gilbert, 2010, Kappen et al., 2019).
 Efficiency is the state or quality of being efficient, or able to accomplish something with the least waste of time and effort, competency in performance. People who practice mindfulness and live in the present moment are better at setting the right goals. Mindfulness increases our ability to pay attention and stay focused. Mindfulness increases the efficiency of brain pathways that process information coming from senses, it also boosts ability of the brain to direct attention to the task or situation of interest. This way people are better able to focus on the task and ignore distractions (Di Francesco et al., 2017).
Sociability means the quality of being sociable, the quality of liking to meet and spend time with other people. Mindfulness enhances our ability to understand ourselves and others. It means being present attentive and respectful when engaging with people. Mindful peoples are able to balance their own needs along with others in social situation and act more sensitively and respectfully towards them. They know how to communicate; they are able to listen other’s opinion and they also accept that people can make mistakes.
Mental health is a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to the community. Mindfulness is positively correlated with mental health. Mindfulness can help you feel better and reduce stress (Crego et al., 2020), it is positively correlated with mental health. Mindful people are less likely to be affected by mental issues like anxiety, depression and other behavioural problems (Chang et al., 2014).
 Interpersonal relation (or interpersonal relationship) is a social connection or affiliation between two or more people. Mindfulness involves an awareness of self and others, accompanied with the qualities of a non-judgemental and non-reactive presence.
Psychological well-being is a state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality of life. It involves having positive feelings about oneself, one’s situation, and one’s future, as well as the awareness and understanding of one’s emotions and how well one can cope with challenges. Well-being is the experience of health, happiness and prosperity. Mindfulness practice is effective in enhancing psychological wellbeing (Bigelow et al., 2021, A. Hanley et al., 2015, Baer et al., 2012).

Table no. 4

From the table no. 4 it is clear that there is no significant difference between girls and boys on mindfulness measures. This study suggests that on average, both males and females exhibit similar levels of mindfulness, possibly due to cultural norms, societal expectations, or individual factors. Another possible reason for this kind of result could be that the measure used may not accurately reflect gender-specific differences, potentially leading to non-significant results if it is not sensitive to subtle variations in practice or experience.                                  
Mindfulness was positively correlated with overall psychological wellbeing, autonomy, positively relation with others and environmental mastery is moderately and positively correlated with mindfulness and personal growth, purpose in life is also positively correlated with mindfulness but that relationship is weak.
Implications: practitioners of mindfulness states that increase in mindfulness can bring positive change in mental state and increase in wellbeing, so mindfulness-based strategies can be used to enhance people’s awareness about themselves so they would be able to recognize their own strengths and limitations so that they can work on to overcome their shortcomings and can enhance their wellbeing.
Limitation of study: measures of mindfulness used in the present study consisted of only 15 items. Number of male participants were less so there is less generalizability on males population.

Conclusion

Result of the present study showed that mindfulness is positively correlated with psychological wellbeing, mindfulness significantly predicted well-being which means increase in mindfulness can increase the mental wellbeing of people so mindfulness-based strategies like mindfulness meditation, body imagining technique being aware about cognition and thoughts can be helpful in increasing psychological wellness of adolescents. research also suggests that no gender difference exist between girls and boys on mindfulness measures.

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Author(s): Mamta Sahu; Prabhavati Shukla

DOI: 10.52228/JRUA.2025-31-1-1         Access: Open Access Read More