NÙkhlx< jkT; eas lkoZtfud C;; dk LokLF; ij izHkko dk v/;;u

vpZuk lsBh^1*, es?kk MMlsuk²

^1,2vFkZ'kkL= v/;;u'kkyk, ia- jfo'kadj 'kqDy fo'ofo|ky; jk;iqj

lkjka'k

dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa LokLF; ij O;; ds izfr'kr  esa mrkj&p<++ko dh izo`fÙk ns[kus dks feyrh gS ,oa v/;;u vof/k ds var esa  nksuks essa ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn ¼th-,l-Mh-ih-½ rFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f} gks jgh gSA gSA ftlesa o"kZ 2001&02 esa GSDP esa 25846-2 djksM+ :i;s gSSA jkT; esa dqy lkoZtfud O;; 5471-5 djksM+ :i;s fd;k x;kA ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ds izfr'kr ds #i esa lkoZtfud O;; lokZf/kd 26-1 izfr'kr 2018-19 esa gS ,oa lcls de 2015-16 esa 19-5 izfr'kr gS ,oa v/;;u vof/k ds var esa  nksuks essa ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn ¼th-,l-Mh-ih-½ rFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f} gks jgh gSA ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn esa vkSlr okf'kZd o`f} nj lokZf/kd 32-4 izfr'kr 2012-13 esa g ,oa lcls de o`f} 2016-17 esa 1-9 izfr'kr gSA lkoZtfud C;; esa vkSlr okf'kZd o`f} nj lokZf/kd 26-8 izfr'kr 2006-07 esa ,oa lcls de  2020-21 esa -3-6 izfr'kr gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj ds chp mPp Lrj dk _.kkRed lglaca/k xq.kkad-0.925 ,oa dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa  ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ds chp mPp Lrj dk _.kkRed lglaca/k xq.kkad - 0.941  gSaA ftlls Li"V gS fd dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; ds ?kVdksa ij lkFkZd izHkko iM jgk gSA

 'kCn dawth %lkoZtfud O;; ]f'k'kq e`R;q nj] ekr`Ro e`R;q nj

izLrkouk                     

LokLF; gh euq"; dk vlyh /ku gSA vPNs LokLF; ds vUrxZr 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr] {kerk vkSj lgu”'khyrk rFkk ekufld lUrqyu Hkh vkrk gSA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª rFkk lekt dh mUurh mlds ukxfjdksa ds LokLF; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ogha ns'k mUufr ds mPp f'k[kj ij igq¡p ldrk gS tgk¡ ds fuoklh LoLF; gksA NRrhlx< ljdkj }kjk lkekftd lsokvksa ij fd;s x;s lkoZtfud O;; dk lkFkZd ,oa ldkjkRed izHkko ekuo fodkl ds ladsrks ij iM+ jgk gSA (Reddy& Reddy 2019) fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dq'kyrkiwoZd djus ds fy, O;fDr dks 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :Ik ls LoLFk gksuk vko”;d gksrk gSA LoLFk O;fDr dh dk;Z{kerk vf/kd gksrh gS rFkk og vius lHkh dk;ksaZa dks eu yxkdj dj ldrk gSA vLoLFk O;fDr vius dk;ksZa ls nwj Hkkxrk gS vius dk;ksaZa dks Vkyrk jgrk gSA LokLF; yksxks dh n{krk rFkk fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA (patra 2019)

v/;;u dk mn~ns';

1-    v/;;u vof/k ds nkSjku NŸkhlx<++ ds 'kklu dh lkoZtfud O;; dk v/;;u djukA

2-    NŸkhlx<++ ds'“kklu dh lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; ds fofHkUu ?kVd f'k'kq e`R;q nj ,oa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ij izHkko dk v/;;u djukA

v/;;u dh 'kks/k izfof/k % izLrqr v/;;u eq[; :i ls f}rh;d vkadM+ks ij vk/kkfjr gSA f'k{kk ,oa LokLF; ij fd;s tkus okys lkoZtfud O;; rFkk dqy iath;u nj] Mªki vkmV nj rFkk f'k'kq e`R;q nj ,oa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ls lEcaf/kr vkadM+ks dks jkT; ljdkj }kjk izdkf'kr NRrhlx<++ dk vkfFkZd losZ{k.k ,oa jkT; dh tux.kuk fjiksVZ ls ,df=r fd;k x;k gSA

        vkadMksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, izfr'kr] vkSlr okf"kZd fodkl nj] fopj.k xqa.kkad]lglaca/k xq.kkad ,oa izrhixeu xq.kkad dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk

Ho:  lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; Lrj ds fofZHkUu ladsrdksa ij lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+k gSA

H1:  lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; Lrj ds fofZHkUu ladsrdksa ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+k gSA

'kks/k lkfgR; dh leh{kk

Reddy, S.M. and Narsi, Reddy, V.V. (2019)  izLrqr v/;;u ‘Social Sector Expenditure and their Impact on Human Development in India: Empirical Evidence During 2001-02 To 2015-16’ esa “kks/kdrkZvksa }kjk lkekftd lsokvksa ij fd;s x;s O;; dk izHkko ekuo fodkl ds ladsrd] Saha, Kabita Kumari (2019) izLrqr v/;;u Pattern and Composition of  Education Expenditure in India esa 'kks/kdÙkkZ us Hkkjr esa f”k{kk ij fd;s x;s O;; rFkk mldh lajpuk dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;Fkk tuLokLF;] f'k{kk] [ksy] dyk ,oa laLd`fr] ty vkiwfrZ ,oa lkQ&lQkbZ] vkokl lqfo/kk] vuqlwfpr tkfr] tutkfr ,oa vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds dY;k.k ij ns[kk x;kASanjay Kumar (2020) izLrqr v/;;u TRENDS AND GROWTH OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION IN INDIA : AN ANALYSIS dh v/;;u vof/k 2000&01 ls 2016&17 rd dh gSA 'kks/kdrkZ ds v/;;u dk {ks= Hkkjr esa f'k{kk ij lkoZtfud O;; ds vk¡dM+ksa dk fo'ys’k.k djuk gSA mUgksaus crk;k dh f'k{kk ns'k ds fodkl ds egRoiw.kZ lg&vkfFkZd ladsrdksa esa ls ,d gSA

rkfydk 1  NRrhlx<++ jkT; ds ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ¼GSDP½ RkFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;;

Sourcs: Finance department of Chhattisgarh 2017.

mijksDr rkfydk esa NRrhlx<++ jkT; ds varxZr ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ¼GSDP½ RkFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; djksM+ :i;s esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ftlesa o"kZ 2001&02 esa GSDP esa 25846.2 djksM+ :i;s gSSA jkT; esa dqy lkoZtfud O;; 5471.5 djksM+ :i;s fd;k x;kA

ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ds izfr'kr ds #i esa lkoZtfud O;; lokZf/kd 26-1 izfr'kr 2018-19 esa gS ,oa lcls de 2015-16 esa 19-5 izfr'kr gS ,oa v/;;u vof/k ds var esa  nksuks essa ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn ¼th-,l-Mh-ih-½ rFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f} gks jgh gSA ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn esa vkSlr okf'kZd o`f} nj lokZf/kd 32- 4 izfr'kr 2012-13 esa gS ,oa lcls de o`f} 2016-17 esa 1-9 izfr'kr gSA lkoZtfud C;; esa vkSlr okf"kZd o`f} nj lokZf/kd 26-8 izfr'kr 2006-07 esa ,oa lcls de  2020-21 esa -3-6 izfr'kr gSA

js[kkfp= 1

js[kkfp= 2

Rkkfydk Øekad& 2 NRrhlx<++ jkT; esa ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn ¼th-,l-Mh-ih-½ rFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa LokLF; ij O;; dk izfr'kr

L=ksr&vkfFkZd ,oa lkaf[;dh lapuky; NRrhlx<++ ,oa foRr foHkkxNRrhlx<+A

                                       js[kkfp= 3

mijksDr rkfydk esa NRrhlx<++ jkT; ds varxZr ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn ¼GSDP½ RkFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; djksM+ :i;s esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA ftlesa o"kZ 2001&02 esa GSDP esa 25846.2 djksM+ :i;s gSSA jkT; esa dqy lkoZtfud O;; 5471.5 djksM+ :i;s fd;k x;k ftlesa GSDP esa LokLF; ij O;; dk izfr'kr 0.75 gS rFkk dqy O;; esa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk izfr'kr 3.55 gSA o’kZ 2016&17 esa ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn c<++dj 225162.9 djksM+ :i;s ,oa 2020-21 esa 344955-4 djksM #i;s gks x;k gS rFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; Hkh c<++dj 2016-17 esa 57916.8 djksM+ :Ik;s ,oa 2020-21 esa 79107-5djksM #i;s gks x;k gS] LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; Hkh c<++dj 2016-17 esa 3292.4 djksM+ :i;s ,oa 2020-21 esa 5519-2 djksM 3i;s gks x;k gSA GSDP esa LokLF; ij O;; dk

js[kkfp= 4

GSDP ,oa dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa LokLF; ij O;; dk izfr'kr

izfr'kr 2001&02 esa 0-75 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 2016&17 esa c<++dj 1-46 izfr'kr ,o 2020-21 Eksa 1-6 izfr'kr gks x;kA dqy O;; esa LokLF; ij O;; dk izfr'kr Hkh c<++dj 2016-17 esa 5.68  izfr'kr ,oa 2020-21 esa 6-98 izfr"kr gks x;k  gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa LokLF; ij O;; ds izfr'kr  esa mrkj&p<++ko dh izo`fÙk ns[kus dks feyrh gS ,oa v/;;u vof/k ds var esa  nksuks essa ldy jkT; ?kjsyq mRikn ¼th-,l-Mh-ih-½ rFkk dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f} gks jgh gSA rkfydk ,oa js[kkfp= ls ;g Li’V gSA 2020-21 esa GSDP 344955.4 djksM #i;s gS ,oa lkoZtfud C;; 79107.5 djksM #i;s gSa LokLF; ij C;; 5519-2 djksM #i;s gSA LokLF; ij C;; GSDP dk 1-6 izfr'kr ,oa LokLF; ij C;; lkoZtfud C;; dk 6-98 izfr'kr gSA

                                  js[kkfp= & 5

NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa f'k'kq e`R;q nj IMR (%) eas ¼izfr ,d gtkj thfor tUe ij½

rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd lkoZtfud C;; ,oa LokLF; ij C;; c<us ds lkFk lkFk f'k'kq e`R;q nj de gksrs tk jgh gSA f'k'kq e`R;q nj 2001-01 esa 77 izfr ,d gtkj thfor tUe ij Fkk tks 2020-21 esa ?kVdj 34-1 izfr ,d gtkj thfor tUe ij gks x;k ]tks lkoZtfud C;; ,oa LokLF; ij C;; c<us ds lkFkZd izHkko dks n'kkZ jgk gSA

rkfydk 3 NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;nj

L=ksr & ,l-vkj-,l- fjiksVZ 2016&18

js[kkfp= Øekad& 6

NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj

mi;qZDr rkfydk esa NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ds vkadMksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ds vkdM+s rhu o"kZ esa ,d ckj izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA o’kZ 2001&03 izfr ,d yk[k thfor tUeksa ij NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj 379 Fkh tks o’kZ 2016&18 rd ?kVdj 159 gks xbZ gS ,oa 2018-20 esa 137 izfr ,d yk[k thfor tUeksa ij gks x;kA NÙkhlx<++ esa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ds vuqikr dks o"kZ 2030 rd 100 ls Hkh de rd ykus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA rkfydk 3 ls Li"V gS fd ekr`Ro e`R;q nj esa yxkkrkj deh vk jgh gSA]tks lkoZtfud C;; ,oa LokLF; ij C;; c<us ds lkFkZd izHkko dks n'kkZ jgk gSA

rkfydk Øekad 4 NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa LokLF; ds enksa dk la;qDr o`f) nj

mi;qZDr rkfydk esa o’kZ 2000&01 ls 2020&21 rd LokLF; ds enksa dk la;qDr o`f) nj Kkr fd;k x;k gSA la;qDr o`f) nj dk iz;ksx pjksa ds eku esa fdruh o`f) gks jgh gS bldks tkuus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk la;qDr o`f) nj 15-88 izfr'kr gSA LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk la;qDr o`f) nj 19-34 izfr'kr gSA f'k'kq e`R;q nj dk (IMR) dk la;qDr o`f) nj _.kkRed esa gS -4-16 izfr'kr gS bldk rkRi;Z gS dh f'k]kq e`R;q nj ?kVrs tk jgh gSA ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) dk la;qDr o`f) nj Hkh _.kkRed esa gSa -5-28 izfr'kr bldk Hkh rkRi;Z gS dh ekr`Ro e`R;q nj Hkh ?kVrs tk jgh gSA ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn (GSDP)dk la;qDr o`f) nj 14-48 izfr'kr gSA izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; dk la;qDr o`f) nj 16-83 izfr'kr gSA Li’V gS LokLF; ds enksa esa lcls vf/kd o`f) LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk la;qDr o`f) nj 19-34 izfr'kr gS vkSj f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) esa -4-16 izfr'kr rFkk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) esa -5-28 izfr'kr fxjkoV vkbZ gS vFkkZr~ f'k'kq e`R;q nj rFkk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj izfr o’kZ ?kVrs tk jgk gSA

Rkkfydk Øekad& 5 NÙkhlx<++ ds LokLF; ds enksa dk fopj.k xq.kkad

mi;qZDr rkfydk eas LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk fopj.k xq.kkad 100-40 izfr”kr gS tks lcls vf/kd gS vFkkZr~ blesa LokLF; ds vU; enksa dh rqyuk esa lcls vf/kd ifjorZu'khyrk gSA tSls&tSls fopj.k xq.kkad c<++rs tkrk gS Bhd oSls&oSls gh ifjorZu'khyrk esa o`f) gksrh tkrh gS mlds ckn izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; dk fopj.k xq.kkad 90-65 izfr'kr gS tks nwljs uacj dk lcls vf/kd fopj.k xq.kkad okyk en gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk fopj.k xq.kkad 71-87 izfr'kr gSA ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) dk fopj.k xq.kkad 29-18 izfr'kr gSA ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRIkn (GSDP) mRikn dk fopj.k xq.kkad 67-92 izfr”kr gSA izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; dk fopj.k xq.kkad 90-65 izfr'kr gSA LokLF; ij lcls de fopj.k xq.kkad f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) 20-14 izfr'kr gSA bldk eryc gS dh LokLF; ij vU; enksa dh rqyuk esa blesa lcls vf/kd fLFkjrk gS rFkk ,d:irk gSA vr% Li’V gS dh LokLF; ds vU; enksa dh rqyuk esa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; esa ifjorZu'khyrk dh izo`fÙk lcls vf/kd gSA

Rkkfydk Øekad& 6 NÙkhlx<++ jkT; ds LokLF; ds vk¡dM+ksa dk LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ds lkFk lglEcU/k xq.kkad dk fo'ys’k.k

mi;qZDr rkfydk esa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ds chp +0.981 lglEcU/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk /kukRed lglEca/k gSA LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) ds chp –0-860 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk _.kkRed lglEca/k gSA LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) ds chp –0-883 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk _.kkRed lglEca/k gSA LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn (GSDP) ds chp +0-959 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftleas mPp Lrj dk /kukRed lglEca/k gSA LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; ds chp +0-999 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS tks mPp Lrj dk /kukRed lglEca/k gSA

Rkkfydk Øekad& 7

NÙkhlx<++ jkT; ds LokLF; ds vk¡dM+ksa dk dqy lkoZtfud O;; ds lkFk lglEca/k xq.kkad dk fo'ys’k.k

mi;qZDr rkfydk eas dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ds chp lglEca/k xq.kkad +0-981 gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk /kukRed lglEca/k gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) esa –0-925 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk _.kkRed lglEca/k gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) ds chp –0-941 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk _.kkRed lglEca/k gSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ldy jkT; ?kjsyw mRikn (GSDP) ds chp +0-994 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPPk Lrj dk /kukRed lglEca/k xq.kkad gSSA dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; ds chp +0-985 lglEca/k xq.kkad gS ftlesa mPp Lrj dk /kukRed lglEca/k gSA

Rkkfydk Øekad& 8 NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa LokLF; ds ?kVdksa dk izrhixeu xq.kkad fo'ys’k.k ¼LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dks ,d LorU= pj ekudj mldk vU; ?kVdksa ij izHkko½

  mi;ZDr rkfydk esa LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dks LorU= pj ekudj LokLF; ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ij mldkizHkko Kkr djus ds fy, izrhixeu xq.kkad Kkr fd;k x;k gSA

¼1½ LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) ds chp izrhixeu xq.kkad  (R) 0.883 gS (F) dk ewY; 49.7 gSA 95 izfr'kr ds lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ;g 0.05<49.7 gS ftlls Li’V gS dh gekjh “kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gS dh LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk tcdh LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR)  ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA

¼2½ LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) ds chp izrhixeu xq.kkad (R) 0.860 gS (F) 39.6 dk ewY; gS 95 izfr'kr ds lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ;g 0.05<39.6 gS ftlls Li’V gS dh gekjh “kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gS dh LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk f'k'kq e`R;qnj (IMR) ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk tcdh mldk lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA

¼3½ LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; ds chp izrhixeu xq.kkad (R) 0.999 gS (F) dk ewY; 10184 gS 95 izfr'kr dh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 0.05<10184 gS ftlls Li’V gS dh gekjh “kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gS LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko ugha iM+rk gS tcdh bldk lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA

                       vr% blls Li’V gksrk gS dh LokLF; ij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; ds fofHkUu ?kVdkas ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj gekjh 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gSA

Rkkfydk Øekad& 9 NÙkhlx<++ jkT; esa LokLF; ds ?kVdksa dk izrhixeu xq.kkad fo'ys’k.k ¼dqy lkoZtfud O;; dks ,d LorU= pj ekudj mldk vU; ?kVdksa ij izHkko½

mi;ZDr rkfydk esa dqy lkoZtfud O;; dks LorU=  pj ekudj LokLF; ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa ij mldk izHkko Kkr djus ds fy, izrhixeu xq.kkad Kkr fd;k x;k gSA

¼1½ dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) ds chp izrhixeu xq.kkad  (R) 0.941 gS (F) dk ewY; 108 gSA 95 izfr'kr ds lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ;g 0.05<108 gS ftlls Li’V gS dh gekjh “kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gS dh dqy  lkoZtfud O;; dk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (MMR) ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk vFkkZr~ dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk ekr`Ro e`R;q nj ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA

¼2½ dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q nj (IMR) ds chp izrhixeu xq.kkad (R) 0.925 gS (F) dk ewY; 83.1 gS 95 izfr'kr ds lkFkZdrk Lrj ij ;g 0.05 <83.1 gS ftlls Li’V gS dh gekjh “kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gS dh dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk f'k'kq e`R;qnj (IMR) ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk tcdh mldk lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA

¼3½ dqy lkoZtfud O;; ,oa izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; ds chp izrhixeu xq.kkad (R) 0.985 gS (F) dk ewY; 453 gS 95 izfr'kr dh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 0.05<453 gS ftlls Li’V gS dh gekjh 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gS dh izfr O;fDr LokLF; ij O;; ds mij dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk tcdh bldk lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA

vr% blls Li’V gksrk gS dh  dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; ds fofHkUu    ?kVdkas ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gS vkSj gekjh 'kwU; ifjdYiuk vLohd`r gksrh gSA

fu"d"kZ %

NRrhlx< esa dqy lkoZtfud O;; dk LokLF; ds fofHkUu fofHkUu ?kVdkas ij lkFkZd izHkko iM+rk gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd loZtfud C;; esa LokLF; ij C;; dk izfr'kr c>k;k tk;sA

lanHkZ

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