fo”ks"k :Ik ls detksj tutkfr lewgksa esa 'kklu }kjk lapkfyr fodkl ds dk;zdzeks ds izfr tkx:drk % ,d v/;;u NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds dchj/kke ftys ds fo”ks"k lanHkZ esa

vatyh ;kno¹ Mk¡- ,l- ,y- xtiky² M+k lk/kuk [kjs ³

¹'kks/kkFkhZ % lekt”kkL= ,ao lekt dk;Z v/;;u”kkyk

²,lksafl,V izksQsalj ,ao foHkkxk/;{k lektk”kkL= ,ao lekt dk;Z v/;;u”kkykia- jfo”kadj fo”ofo|ky;] jk;iqj¼N-x-½

³izksQsalj ,ao foHkkxk/;{k lektk”kkL= “kk- bZ oh- ih- th egkfo|ky; dksjck¼N-x-½

Email – anjaliyadav1051992@gmail.com, gajpal14@gmail.com, kharesadhna@gmail.com

Abstract &izLrqr “kks/k v/;;u NRrhlx<+ jkT; dh fo”ks’k fiNM+h tutkfr cSxk ij vk/kkfjr gSA “kks/k v/;;u dchj/kke ftys ds cksM+yk fodkl[k.M+ ds 7 xzkekas ij dsfUnzr gSA v/;;uxr {ks= ds 277 ifjokjks ij v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA “kks/k v/;;u es rF; ladyu gsrw izkFkfed rF; ladyu lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph ,ao voyksdu izfof/k ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u ds ek/;e ls bl rF; dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd oSf”od ifjn`”; esa vkfne tutkfr cSxk lewgksa esa “kklu }kjk lapkfyr tula[;k fxjkoV dks jksdus gsrq fd;s x;s ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh iz;klks ds izfr tkx:drk ds izfr psruk dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u lsa ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd cSxkvksa dh tula[;k yxkrkj foxr o’kksZ esa ?kVrh tk jgh gSA “kklu us cSxkvkas ds thou Lrj dks lq/kkjus gsrq vusd ;kstukvkas dks lapkfyr fd;k gS ftlds QyLo:Ik Hkh cSxk orZeku le; es Hkh ljdkj }kjk vusd jkstxkj lEca/kh LokLF; lEca/kh] f”k{kk lEca/kh ;kstukvksa ls vufHkK ik;s x;s gSA ,sls esa cSxkvksa dh tula[;k es c<+rh gq;h fxjkoV ,d xaHkhj fparuh; fo’k; gSA

egRoiw.kZ 'kCn & cSxk tutkfr] tula[;k fxjkoV] 'kklu }kjk lapkfyr ;kstuk,a

cSxk tutkfr;ksa esaaa tula[;k fxjkoV dks jksdus gsrq fd;s x;s ljdkjh o xSj&ljdkjh iz;Ruks dk ewY;kadu &

cSxk tutkfr;ksa esaaa tula[;k fxjkoV xaHkhj leL;k gSA cSxkvksasasa dks Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk lajf{kr tutkfr;ksa esaaa “kkfey fd;k x;k gS] cSxk v/;;uxr {ks= esaaa 5 fo”ks’k fiNM+h tutkfr;ksa esaaa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr ds jk’Vªifr ds }kjk cSxk tutkfr; dks xksn esaaa yh;k x;k gSA cSxkvksasas ds thou &i)fr] dyk laLd`fr o lkaLd`frd fu;eks rFkk izFkkvks fofo/k fo’k;ks ij vusd “kks/k dk;Z gq, gSA ftlls cSxk leqnk; ds thou “kSyh ,ao ijEijk ds ckjs esaaa ge lHkh ifjfpr gq, gS ,ao cSxkvksasas ds oS| ijEijk ,ao le`f) ls Hkh voxr gSA cSxk orZeku esaaa Hkh viuh ewyHkwr vko”;drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, viuh tku tksf[ke esaaa Mkyrs gSA cSxk vius vki esaaa lokZf/kd laLd`fr lEiUu tutkfr; gSA ljdkj }kjk cSxkvksasas ds fodkl ds fy, vusd ;kstuk,a cuk;k x;k ftlls fd cSxk leqnk; dks ljdkjh ;kstukvksa dk ykHk fey ldsA lHkh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds cgqeq[kh fodkl ds fy, ljdkj us f”k{kk lEca/kh] LokLF; lEca/kh ,ao jkstxkj lEca/kh vusd ;kstuk,a cuk;h gS] ftlls cSxkvksasas dks f”k{kk o jkstxkj ds volj izkIr gks ldsA ljdkj cSxkvksasas ds fuEu LokLF; Lrj ns[krs gq, cSxkvksasas ds LokLF; Lrj dks ysdj dbZ ;kstuk,a cuk;h x;h gSA vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djus gsrq jkstxkj lEca/kh ;kstuk,a cuk;h x;h gSA v/;;uxr {ks= jsaxk[kkj uDly izHkkfor {ks= gS ftlds fy, ljdkj vusd ;kstuk,a lapkfyr fd;k gS fdUrq fQj Hkh vkfne tutkfr cSxk lewgksa es dksbZ fo”ks’k ifjorZu fn[kkbZ ugh nsrk gSA

flag ¼1989½ dh ekU;rk gS fd fodkl dh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa us vkfnoklh tuthou dks izHkkfor fd;k gS] ftuds QyLo:Ik /kuq’k ck.k /kkj.k djus okyk vkfnoklh lH;rk ds uohu ifjos”k ls ifjfpr gqvk gSA vkfFkZd lqj{kk Ik;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk y?kq Lrj ij m|ksxks dh LFkkiuk }kjk tutkfr; fodkl dh rzhork dks c<k;s tkus dh lEHkkouk fo|eku gSA

Ukxyk ¼1989½ us lkekftd n`’Vh ls fodkl dk vFkZ le>krs gq, crk;k fd tutkfr;ksa ds fodkl gsrq muds n`f’Vdks.k esaaa bl izdkj ifjorZu ykuk gksxk fd os u, dkS”ky O;ogkj ,ao thou fof/k dks viukus dks rS;kj gks rFkk muds laLd`frd <kps esaaa Hkh blh izdkj ifjorZu djuk gksxk fd ;kstukvksa dk ykHk mBkdj oks viuk thou Lrj dks Å¡pk mBk ldsA mUgksus tutkfr fodkl ds fofHkUu dk;Zdze ds ekxZ esaaa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, dk;Zdzeks dh lQyrk gsrq tutkfr thou ds lkaLd`frd ewY;ks ,ao Hkkoukvks dks muds fudV lEidZ }kjk le> dj dk;Zdze cuk;s tkus dk lq>ko fn;kA

jk;oeZu ¼1992½ us vkfnoklh fodkl ds mfpr ewY;kadu ,ao fodkl uhfr dh lgh O;wg jpuk ds fy, vko”;d fo’k;ks tSls forj.k O;oLFkk] O;olkf;d izfreku] f”k{kk ,ao “kgjhdj.k vkfn ij fopkj O;Dr fd;s gSA muds vuqlkj fodkl dh uohu uhfr;ka vkfnoklh fodkl dh lkekftd ]vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd fLFkfr ls vufHkK jgrs gq, cuk;s tkus ds ifj.kke Li:Ik vkfonoklh vFkZO;oLFkk ,ao lkekftd thou ij mudk foifjr izHkko iM+ jgk gSA

lqtkrk] ds-¼1988½ “Tribal  Education  in  india”us vius v/;;u esaaa ik;k fd] vkfnoklh {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, ;g vko”;d gS fd] bu tutkfr;ksa ds fy, ,dhd`r fodkl dk;Zdze cuk, tk,A ;g v/;;u tutkfr f”k{kk ij vk/kkfjr FkkA ftlesaaa Hkkjr dh izeq[k tutkfr;ksa dks “kfey dh;k x;kA v/;;u ds lq>ko ds vuqlkj vkfnoklh;ks dk jkstxkj vk; vkSj O;; izo`fRr;ks esaaa lq/kkj djus ds fy, mudh mfpr f”k{kk vko”;d gSA

>k] d`".k dqekj ¼1987½ ^^cLrj dh tutkrh;ks dh f”k{kk dk fo”ys’k.k v/;;u** esaaa vius v/;;u esaaa ;g fu’d’kZ fudkyrs gS fd cLrj dh tutkfr;ka lkekftd ,ao vkfFkZd leL;kvks ds dkj.k f”k{kk esaaa :fp ugha ys ikrh gSA mUgs vkS?kksfxd f”k{kk dh vko”;drk gSA

ekS;Z vkj- Mh- ¼1985½ us vius v/;;u esaaa crk;k fd tutkfr;ksa dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd tkx:drk esaaa f”k{kk egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA f”k{kk ls mUgs vius lkekftd rFkk oS/kkfud vf/kdkjks dh ;Fkksfpr tkudkjh izkIr gks ldrh gS] ftlls fd os vk/kqfud thou dh izfrLi/kkZ esaaa vU; tkfr;ks ds lkFk dne ls dne feykdj py ldsA

'kekZ ,u- ,ao f}osnh idat ¼2006½ esaaa e/;izns”k ds fMaMksjh ftyk ds leukiqj xkao ds cSxk tutkfr ds lkekftd tukafddh dk dqN izR;k”kkvks dks ysdj “kks/k i= izLrqr fd;k gSA v/;;u dh [kkst ;g ladsr djrh gS fd vf/kdka”kr;k tula[;k vf”kf{kr gS ,ao ifjfLFkfr;ks dh ;g ekax gS fd laf{kIr “kSf{kd dk;Zdze ,ao tkx:drk dk;Zdze mUgs Åij mBkus ds fy, vko”;d gSA cSxk yksxks esaaa tuu {kerk ,ao uSfrdrk dk mPp Lrj fo|eku gS] tks ;g ladsr djrk gS fd tula[;k esaaa ,d cM+h la[;k fuHkZj yksxks dh gS rFkk dqN ifjokj dY;k.k laLFkkvks dh vko”;drk gSA mPp uSfrd Lrj fofHkUu izdkj dh chekfj;ks dh ?kVuk iznku djrk gS rFkkfi dkQh e`R;q ds ifj.kke iztuu ds le; feyrk gSA ifjokj dY;k.k dh Lohdk;Zrk fcYdqy “kwU; gSA bl laaca/k esaaa Bksl dne mBk, tkus dh vko”;drk gSA

'kks/k if)fr ,ao mRrjnkrkvks dk pquko 

izLrqr 'kks/k gsrq doZ/kk ftyk ds cksMyk fodkl[k.M ds cSxk tutkfr cgqy 7 xzkeksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA xzkeksa dks fodkl[k.M cksMyk eq[;ky; ls nwjh ds vk/kkj ij nks Lrjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSaA

·  izFke Lrj ds rhu xzke ¼cStyiqj]njh;k]rjsXkkao eSnku ½ ftudh nwjh  15 fd-eh- ls 40 dh lhek esa gSA

·  f}rh; Lrjds pkj xzke ¼ceuh] frrjh] dksykj>ksjh vkSj jsxka[kkj½ ftudh nwjh 45 ls 60 fd-eh- dh lhek esa gSA

izR;sd xzke ls 90 izfr'kr ifjokj dk p;u mRrjnkrk ds :i esa lfopkj ,oa mÌs';iw.kZ fun'kZu izfof/k ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSaA

rF;k ladyu dh izfof/k ,ao midj.k

'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa- lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwph ds lkFk&lkFk ,dy fo’k; v/;;u gsrw lk{kkRdkj&funsZf”kdk dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vr% oSKkfud izfof/k ij vk/kkfjr gksus ds dkj.k ;g 'kks/k izac/k viuh ekSfydrk dks okLrfodrk ,oa ;FkkFkZ :Ik esa vfHkO;Dr dj ldsxkA

rF;ksa dk izLrwrhdj.k

çLrkfor v/;;u esa rF;ksa ds leqf++pr ladyu gsrq ,oa v/;;u dh oLrqfu"Brk ds fy, lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwph midj.k dh lgk;rk ls çFkfed rF;ksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS] rFkk v/;;u gsrq lk{kkRdkj funsZf'kdk dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkuk gSA ftlls Hkh v/;;u ls lacaf/kr oLrqfu"B rF;ksa dk ladyu gks ldsxkA blds vfrfjDr mÙkjnkrkvksa dh n'kk ,oa miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa gsrq voyksdu çfof/k ds }kjk Hkh rF; ladyu fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u ds f}rh;d rF;ksa ds ladyu gsrq fofHkUu 'kks/k v/;;uksa] 'kks/k vkys[k] i= if=dkvksa rFkk 'kklu ds }kjk çlkfjr fofHkUu lwpukvksa dk ladyu fd;k tkuk gSA ftlls v/;;u dks iw.kZr% çHkkfor ,oa lkjxfHkZr cuk;k tk ldsA

fo|ky;ksa dh lqfo/kkvksa dh fLFkfr&pkSjfl;k iadt ¼2002½ ^^/kkj ftys ds vkfnoklh;ks dk lkekftd ,ao vkfFkZd fodkl dk HkkSxksfyd fo”ys’k.k ** /kkj ftys dh vkfnoklh;ks tutkfr;ksa esaaa vius ifjokjks esaaa vk/kqfud lqfo/kkvks dk Ik;kZIr vHkko gS fo”ks’kdj euksjtau] ;krk;kr o lapkj vkfn lk/kuks dks dsoy f”kf{kr o lEiUu ifjokjks }kjk vk/kqfud lqfo/kkvks dk Ikz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA   d`f’k O;; esaaa lokZf/kd O;; dk izfr”kr cht dze”k% jklk;fud [kkn] tSfod [kkn] fctyh] dhVuk”kd vkfn dks f”k{kk ,ao tkx:drk ds vHkko ds dkj.k cSadks ls _.k ysus okyks dh rqyuk esaaa lkgqdkjks ls _.k ysus dk izfr”kr lokZf/kd gSA d`f’k la;a=ks esaaa lokZf/kd ydM+h ds gy dze”k% yksgs ds gy] cSyxkM+h] flpkabZ iEi] VSDVlZ dh lajpuk U;wu gSA okguks esaaa lokZf/kd izfr”kr lkbZfdy gSA lapkj ds lk/ku fo”ks’kdj jsfM;ks ,ao Vsyhfotu xzkeh.k {ks=ks esaaa d`f’k laca/kh lans”k lwpuk ,ao u;s vfo’dkj ubZ rduhd ds izpkj & izlkj ds izeq[k lk/ku gSA lEiw.kZ xkWo esaaa lapkj lqfo/kk miyC/k djokuk vko”;d gSA lkekftd fodkl ds fy, “kS{kf.kd laLFkkvks esaaa o`f) dh tkuk izkFkfed vko”;drk gSA izkS<+ f”k{kk ds izfr vkfnoklh;ks dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk vko”;d gSAizLrqr v/;;u cSxkpd {ks= ds fo|ky;ksa dh lqfo/kkvks dh fLFkfr esaaa ç;kl dk v/;;u fuEu rkfydk ds ek/;e ls n”kkZ;k x;k gS&

Rkkfydk dzeakd&1-2

fo|ky;ksa dh lqfo/kkvksa dh fLFkfr

Rkkfydk dzeakd&1-2

fo|ky;ksa dh lqfo/kkvksa dh fLFkfr

izLrkfor rkfydk dzeakd 6-3 ls Kkr gS fd 68-4 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk fo|ky; dh lqfo/kkvksa dh fLFkfr ls larq’V gS ,ao 31-6 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk fo|ky;ksa dh lqfo/kkvkas dks fuEu fLFkfr esaaa ns[krs gSA v/;;uxr {ks= esaaa ns[kk x;k gS fd vlarq’V mRrjnkrkvksa dk dguk gS fd fo|ky;ksa esaaa LoPN is;ty] Nk= ,ao Nk=kvkas ds fy, vyx&vyx izlk/ku dh lqfo/kk ,ao Hkkstu O;oLFkk esaaa vLoPNrk ,ao vfu;errk gSA ljdkj }kjk vkfnoklh ckgqY; {ks=ks esaaa fo|ky;ks dh lqfo/kk ds fy, djksM+ks ds ctV dk izko/kku gksrs gq;s Hkh] fo|ky; dh lqfo/kk vi;kZIr gSA

LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh ç;kl %&LokLF; {ks= esaaa futh fpfdRlk iznkrk ds leku lqfo/kk tSls fo”ks’kK lsok ,ao jksx funku lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus gsrq ihihih¼ ifCyd izkbosV ikVZu”khi½ uhfr dks Lohd`fr nh xbZA jkT; esaaa laLFkkxr izlo uotkrks dh lqj{kk dks c<+kok nsus gsrq chekj cPps ,ao xHkZorh efgykvksa dks ykus vkSj ys tkus gsrq ,d lefiZr ,acqysal ¼102 lsok½ lsok izkjaHk fd;k x;k gSA 104 ijke”kZ lgk;rk lsok] 108 lathouh ,Dlizsl bejtsalh lfoZlst ;kstuk ds vraxZr 36 ,Ecqysal  dh “kq:vkr dh xbZA ftlesaaa xaHkhj ejhtks dks rRdky LokLF; lqfo/kk miyC/k djk;s tkus dh Lohd`frA Lkjdkjh laLFkkuks esaaa izlo dks c<+kok nsus ,ao uotkrks dh e`R;q nj esaaa deh ykus ds fy, uotkrks dks fo”ks’k lkeku tSls& CySdsaV] diMs+] Pkknj] NksVk ePNjnkuh bR;kfn iznku fd;s tk jgs gSA

Rkkfydk dzeakd&1-3

LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh ç;kl

mijksDr rkfydk dzeakd 6-4 ls Kkr gS fd “kklu }kjk ljdkjh iz;klks ls v/;;uxr {ks= ds 19-6 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk voxr gS ,ao 80-4 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk “kklu }kjk LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh iz;kl ls vufHkK gSA v/;;uxr {ks= vkfnoklh ckgqY; {ks= gS ftlds fy, jkT; ,ao dsUnª “kklu us vusdks LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh ;kstuk;s cukbZ gSA fdUrq vf/kdka”k mRrjnkrk LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh iz;klks ls vufHkKrk n”kkZrs gq;s LokLF; dh fuEu fLFkfr ftEesaaaokj “kklu ,ao mPp vf/kdkjh;ks dks ftEesaaaokj Bgjkrs gSA

LokLF; laca/kh  ljdkjh ;kstuk ls voxr gksuk &cSxkpd {ks= esa v/;;u ls Kkr gqvk gS fd buds lewgksa esa ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds izfr vR;f/kd mklhurk gSA izLrqr v/;;u cSxkpd {ks= esaaa LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ls voxr gksus ds lEca/k esaaa fuEu rkfydk n”kkZ;k x;k gSA

Rkkfydk dzeakd &1-4

LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh ;kstuk ls voxr gksuk

mi;qDrZ rkfydk dzeakd 6-5 esaaa n”kkZ;k x;k gS fd v/;;uxr {ks= esaaa cSxk lewg ds 99-2 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk LokLF; laca/kh nks ljdkjh ;kstuk ls voxr gSA igyk ulcanh- nwljk ekr` izksRlkgu jkf”k ,ao 0-8 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk dsoy ,d ljdkjh ;kstuk ls voxr gSA ftlesaaa ulcanh gh lcls izpfyr ;kstuk gS bl ;kstuk ls izksRlkgu jkf”k rqjar feyus ds dkj.k vf/kd izpfyr gSAblls Li’V gS fd  cSxk lewg ds lnL;ks esaaa LokLF; laca/kh ljdkjh ;kstuk ds izfr tkx:drk ugha gSA vkSj u gh ljdkjcSxkvksasas dks ljdkjh ;kstuk ls voxr djkus dh ;kstuk ij l[r gSAv/;;uxr {ks= esaaa ns[k x;k gS fd cSxk vLirky ij LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvks ds fy, fuHkZj ugha gS vkSj u gh vLirky tkuk ialan djrs gS ,sls esaaa LokLF; deZpkfj;ks dk ls budk lEidZ de gksrk gSA

xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk xzkeh.k dks tkx:d& “kklu us xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds fy, Hkh vusd izdkj ds vuqnku nsrk gS ftldk ewY;kdau djuk vko”;d gSA izLrqr v/;;u xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvks }kjk xzkeh.kks dks tkx:drk  ds lEca/k esaaa fuEu rkfydk ds ek/;e ls n”kkZ;k x;k gS&

rkfydk dzeakd &1-5

xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk xzkeh.k dks tkx:d

mijksDr rkfydk dzeakd 6-6 ls Kkr  gS fd v/;;uxr lewgksa dks xSj&ljdkjh laLFkku }kjk 99-2 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk us tkx:d ugha fd;k tkrk mRrj nh;k ,ao 0-8izfr”krmRrjnkrkvksaus tkx:d djus ds laca/k esaaa gkfe Hkjh gSA bl izdkj Li’V gS fd v/;;uxr {ks= esaaa xSj&ljdkjh laLFkku f”kfFky gSA jkT; o dsUnª “kklu us fuEu ;kstukvksa dks lapkfyr fd;k x;k gSA xzkeh.k efgykvksa dk fn”kk n”kZu Hkze.k & ;kstuk ds rgr Lo&lgk;rk lewg dh efgykvksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fn”kk n”kZu ds rgr ,sls LOk&lgk;rk lewgksa ls HksV djok;h tkrh gS tks lqn`<+ gks] mYys[kuh; vkfFkZd@ lkekftd xfrfof/k dj jgs gks ALo&lgk;rk lewgksa dks fn”kk n”kZu ij ys tkus ds iwoZ vko”;drk vkadyu dj lewgksa dh {kerk fodkl laca/kh vko”;drk viqdwy lewgksa dk Hkze.k djok;k tkrk gSALoSfPNd laLFkkvks dks vuqnku & foHkkx }kjk efgykvksa rFkk cPpks ds dY;k.k ds {ks= esaaa dk;Zjr LoSfPNd laxBuks dks  foHkkxh; vuqnku fu;e 2005 cuk;k x;k gSA vuqnku fu;eks ds izko/kku ds vuqlkj 100 ls vf/kd LoSfPNd laxBuks dks foHkkxh; ekU;rk nh xbZ gSALoSfPNd alaxBuks dh lgHkkfxrk ls vusd {ks=ks esaaa dY;k.kdkjh dk;Zdze lapkfyr fd;s tk jgs gSA “kklu ds bu ;kstuk ds mijkUr Hkh xSj&ljdkjh laLFkku cSxk lewgksa ds lEidz esaaa vkus ls drjkrs gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd cSxk lewgksa dk ?kus taxyks esaaa fuokljr jguk ,ao Hkk’kkvks esaaa fHkUurk izeq[k dkj.k gSA

fu’d’kZ &orZeku le; es vk/kqfud “kgjh lekt ds O;fDr pk¡n es dne j[k pqds gS ftlls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd fodkl vius pje lhek ij gS ijUrq ;g pgqeq[kh fodkl dsoy ,d fgLls vk/kqfud “kgjh lekt es O;kIr gS Hkkjr dk xkaoks dk ns”k gS blls ge lHkh vufHkK ugh gS ] Hkkjr dh izkphu lH;rk ,ao laLd`fr fo”o fo[;kr gS ftues fo”ks’k :Ik ls fiNM+h tutkfr ds jgu & lgu] Hkk’kk] cksyh] fjfr & fjokt] laLd`fr vfHkUu vax gS “kklu ds djksM+ks ds ctV ds ckotwn “kklu dh ;kstuk vlQy fl) gks x;h gSS fo”ks’k :Ik ls fiNM+h tutkfr es cSxk tutkfr dk fo”ks’k LFkku gS tks vU; tutkfr;ks ds vis{kk vf/kd fiNM+h gS “kklu dks buds fodkl ds fy, dBksj ,ao vko”;d dne mBkus dh vko”;drk gS tks lq>ko ds :Ik es bl izdkj of.kZr gS&

lq>ko

·       ljdkj dks ferkfuu dks LokLF; lEca/kh izf”k{k.k nsus dh vko”;drk gS tks bUgs vLoPNrk] LokLF; dh fuEu fLFkfr ,ao :f<+okfnrk dks de djus esaaa vge Hkwfedk fuHkk,xhA

·       LokLF; lEca/kh tkx:d djus dh vko”;drk &cSxk leqnk; vkt Hkh LokLF; dks ysdj fcYdqy Hkh tkx:d ugha gS] cSxk orZeku le; esaaa Hkh izkphu ekU;rk dks cuk;s j[ks gq, gS buesaaa ls ,d gS& ekfld /keZ ds ckjs esaaa NksVh cPPkh;ks dks Kku ugha nsrs gS ftlls ekfld /keZ esaaa LoPNrk ds egRo ls cPph;ka vufHkK gksrh gS vkSj chekjh dk f”kdkj gks tkrh gSA vLoPN diM+s dk iz;ksx djus ls laosnu”khy vaxks ij ,yhZ] [kqtyh ,ao vusd ladze.k dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA

·       ljdkj dks ;kstukvksa esaaa lq/kkj ,ao uohu ;kstuk cukuk vko”;d gS rkfd cSxkvksasas dh tula[;k fxjkoV dks jksdk tk ldsA

·       f”k{kdks dh Hkk’kk dks ysdj fo|kkFkhZ;ks dks ijs”kkuh dk lkeuk djrs gS vkSj fo|ky; esaaa vlgt eglwl djrs gS rks ljdkj ;k “kklu dks pkfg, fd f”k{kdks dks de ls de cSxk Hkk’kk ,ao {ks=h; Hkk’kk dk Kku vko”;d gks blds fy, f”k{kdks dks izf”k{k.k nsus dh vko”;drk gSA

·       fo|ky;ks esaaa ,slh O;oLFkk yk;s ftlls cSxk Nk= vkdf’kZr gks tSls & foKku fo’k; esaaa tM+h&cwVh ds iz;ksx dks varZlEca/k LFkkfir djsA

·       uohu midj.k dk iz;ksx dj foKku o vU; fo’k; Hkwxksy] Nk=kvkss ds fy, x`g foKku dks izksRlkgu gsrq iz;ksx dj mUgs Hkkstu ds iks’kd vkgkj dh egRo dks le> ldsA

·       le; & le; ij f”k{kdks }kjk dqN Nk=&Nk+kvks ds ek/;e ls uqDdM+ ukVd }kjk f”k{kk o LoPNrk ds izfr tkx:drk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

·       cSxkpd {ks= ds lHkh fo|ky;ks ds de ls de nks efgyk f”k{dk j[kuk vko”;d gS D;ksfd ¼NksVs cPps½ fo|kkFkhZ efgyk f”kf{kdk ds lkFk lgt eglwl djrs gS ,ao Nk=kvks dks LoPNrk o LokLF; dh f”k{kk  nsdj muds vkus okyh ih<+h dks LoPN okrkoj.k fey lds ,ao efgyk f”kf{kdk gksus ls f”k{kk ysus yM+fd;ka Hkh izksRlkfgr gksxh ,ao yM+fd;ks dh lgHkkfxrk Hkh c<+sxhA

·       cSxkpd {ks= esaaa {ks=h; O;fDr;ks dks deZpkfj ,ao I;wu dh ukSdjh nsdj mUgs  izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA rkfd cSxk lewgksa ds lnL; Hkh f”kf{kr gksus esaaa :fp ysus yxsA cSxkpd {ks=ks esaaa LFkkuh; laLFkkuks esaaa vf/kd ls vf/kd inks ij ftlds fy, izf”k{k.k nsdj mUgs fuEu ;k mUgs ftl in ds ;ksX; gks mUgs izf”kf{kr dj in esaaa inLFk djuk pkfg, ftlls vU; lnL; Hkh izHkkfor gks vkSj f”f{kr gksus esaaa :fp mRiUu gks ldsA

·       LokLF; ds {ks= esaaa {ks=h; ferkfuu o LokLF; dehZ }kjk dSEi yxkdj LokLF; o “kkfjfjd LoPNrk gsrq tkudkjh nsuk vko”;d gSA

·       xSj&ljdkjh laxBu tSls ,u-,l-,- ] jsM+dkzl laLFkkuks dh lgk;rk ls uqDdM+ ukVd dj bUgs ifjokj fu;kstu ,ao xHkZfujks/k o daM+kse ds iz;ksx gsrq tkx:d djus dh vko”;drk gSA

·       “kklu dks vius lHkh ;kstukvksa dks ikjn”khZ cukus dh vko”;drk gS rkfd ;kstukvks ds ifj.kke dks lekt ds le{k izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA ftlls vkfne lekt eas gks jgs ifjorZu ,ao fodkl ds Lrj dks ge lHkh le> lds rFkk vkfne lekt ds fodkl ds lq>ko izLqrr fd;k tk ldsA

 lanHkZ lwph

1. http//google,rajyapal prativedan2016-17
2. Maurya R.D., “Education for Tribals in A.P. Problems and Prospects” Kurukshetra,Vol.33 No.4,1985
3. Sujatha K. “Tribal Education in India” Perpectivesaaa in Education. A Journal of the Soceity for Education Resaaaearch and Development [No.4] Vil.4,1998
4. pkSjfl;k iadt ¼2002½ ^^/kkj ftys ds vkfnoklh;ks dk lkekftd ,ao vkfFkZd fodkl dk HkkSxksfyd fo’ys’k.k]ih-&,p- M+h+- 'kks/k izca/k ¼Hkwxksy½]2002
5. >k] d`".k dqekj ¼1987½ ^^cLrj dh tutkrh;ks dh f’k{kk dk fo’ys’k.k v/;;u** vizdkf’kr 'kks/k izca/k
6. ukxyk ¼1989½ VªkbZcy MsoyesaaaUV bu vka/kzizns’k ilZisfDVo i`-59&6-
7. jk;oeZu ch-ds-¼1992½ blqt bu  VªkbZcy MsoyesaaaUV bu pkS/jh ch-¼,M+h VªkbZcy VªklaQkesa’ku bu bafM;k ] oks-11 U;w nsYgh baVj bafM+;k ifCyds’kuA 
8. 'kekZ ,u ,ao f}osnh idat ¼2006½ esaaa vkQ n cSxkl vkQ MseksxzkfQd djsDVsfjfLVDl vkQ n cSxk leukiqj CykWd vkWQ fM+Mksjh fMLVªhd ] e/;izns’k ] n ,aFkzksiksykWftLV] us’kuy tuZy vkWQ daVsijkjh ,aM+ ,IykM+ LVMht 8¼9½i`-203&206- 
9.  flag¼1989½ VªkbZcy MsoyesaaaUV ikLV ,QksVZ ,aM U;w pSysat] mn;iqj fgeka”kq ifCysds”ku ]okY;we 11