N-x- efgyk dks"k dh ;kstukvksa efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd
fodkl esa ;ksxnku ¼N-x- jkT; ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa½
MkW- ,l- ,u- >k1 MkW- dqeqnuh 2
1- izk/;kid ¼okf.kT;½ ]'kkl- fo- ;k- rkeLdj
LukrdksRrj egk- nqxZ
2- 'kks/kkFkhZ] 'kkl- fo- ;k- rkeLdj LukrdksRrj
egk- nqxZ
Abstract&izLrqr v/;;u
NRrhlx<+ jkT; esa N-x- efgyk dsk"k dh ;kstukvksa dk efgykvksa ij izHkko dk ,d okf.kT;
’kkL=h; v/;;u gSA v/;;u gsrq NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds 05 ftyksa mRrj ls ljxqtk] rFkk
jk;x<+ e/; N-x ls jk;iqj] if’pe ls jktukanxkao] nf{k.k if’pe ls ckyksn ftys
dk pquko fd;k x;k gSA bu ftyksa ds pquko dk dkj.k v/;;u dks leku izfrfuf/kRo
nsuk jgk gSA ljxqtk rFkk jktukanxkao tutkfr ckgqY; ftyk gS ogha e/; esa fLFkr
jk;iqj f’k{kk dh n`f"V ls lEiUu ftyk gSA ckyksn rFkk jk;x<+ ftys esa
lkekU; rFkk vU; fiNM+k oxZ dh cgqyrk gSA bl izdkj v/;;u ds ek/;e ls ;g Kkr djus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd N-x- efgyk dsk"k dh ;kstukvksa dk lHkh oxZ ds
efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa fdl izdkj dh Hkwfedk jgh gSA
egRoiw.kZ “kCn % N-x-
efgyk dks"k] vkfFkZd fodkl]
_.k ;kstuk
izLrkouk
izLrqr v/;;u
efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa fodkl ;kstukvksa dh Hkwfedk ij vk/kkfjr gS A
v/;;u esa N-x- jkT; ds efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks f}rh;d Jksrksa ¼vkfFkZd
losZ{k.k dh fjiksVZ½ ds lkFk&lkFk v/;;u {ks= ls lacaf/kr efgykvksa ls
ladfyr izkFkfed rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr
'kks/k v/;;u bl rF; dks ysdj vkxs c<+rk gS fd Lora=rk izkfIr ds 68
o"kksZa ds i'pkr~ ns'k vkSj jkT; esa efgykvksa ds lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd]
ikfjokfjd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha gS ftlds ihNs
fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls efgyk fodkl gsrq fd, x, ljdkjh
iz;Ruksa esa deh gSA Lora=rk ds le; ns'k ds efgyk lk{kjrk 5 izfr'kr ls Hkh de
;k 90 izfr'kr ls vf/kd efgyk,a ,fufe;k rFkk dqiks"k.k tSlh leL;kvksa ls
izHkkfor FkhA ns'k ds xjhc tula[;k esa efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 90 ls Hkh vf/kd
FkkA Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik'pkr~ fiNys 11 iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls
muds lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq fd, x, reke iz;Ruksa ds ckn Hkh vkt fLFkfr ;g
gS fd ns'k esa dsoy 65 izfr'kr efgyk,a gh lk{kj gSaA fu/kZuksa esa efgykvksa dh
cM+h rknkr gS rFkk LokLF; dh n`f"V ls os vkt Hkh jDr vYirk vkSj ,fufe;k
tSlh leL;kvksa ls xzflr gSaA
efgyk,a leku vf/kdkj] vkfFkZd Lora=rk]
/kkfeZd laLd`fr] rykd ds vf/kdkj] erkf/kdkj] Lora=rk] f’k{kk ds vf/kdkj vkfn ds
lanHkZ esa tkx:d gqbZ gSA efgyk fodkl ls rkRi;Z dsoy efgykvksa ij fd;s tkus
okyh ljdkjh O;;ksa dh jkf’k esa o`f) ls ugha gS] vfirq mlds ek/;e ls efgyk oxZ
ds thou ij iM+us okys okLrfod n`’; rFkk vn`’; izHkko ls fy;k x;k gSA efgyk
fodkl ds izeq[k ekid gS& efgykvksa
ds izfr lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu] efgykvksa esa Lo;a dh fLFkfr esa
lq/kkj o fodkl gsrq psruk tkx`r gksuk] iks"k.k] jkstxkj] f’k{k.k&izf’k{k.k]
fookg ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k vkfn ls gSA cgqr ls ,sls {ks= gSa tgka ij ;s ugha
igqap ikrh buds fodkl dh fn’kk esa ljdkj vxzlj gqbZ vkSj efgyk fodkl dk;ZØe dk
’kqHkkjaHk fd;k x;kA lk{kjrk dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tk, rks vkt Hkh iq:"kksa
dh vis{kk efgykvksa dk izfr’kr de gSA
'kks/k v/;;u dk mn~ns’; &
¼1½ N-x- efgyk
dsk"k dh ;kstukvksa dk efgykvksa ij izHkko dk v/;;u djukA
¼2½ NÙkhlx<+ efgyk dks"k ,oa _.k ;kstuk dk
v/;;u djukA
'kks/k izfof/k
& izLrqr
’kks/k o.kkZRed ,oa vUos’k.kRed nksuksa gh ’kks/k lajpuk ij vk/kkfjr jgk gSA
v/;;u gsrq NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds ikap ftyksa ljxqtk] jk;x<+] jk;iqj]
jktukanxkao] rFkk ckyksn ftys efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx dh fofHkUu
;kstukvksa@dk;ZØeksa ls ykHkkfUor 100&100 dqy 500 mRrjnrkvksa dk pquko
mn~ns’; iw.kZ funsZ’ku ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed rF;ksa ds ladyu gsrq
lk{kkRdkj&vuqlwph dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA f}rh; rF; foHkkx dh okf"kZd
izfrosnu ,oa le;≤ ij izdkf’kr izfrosnuksa o dk;ZØe iqfLrdk ls izkIr fd;k
x;k gSA
N-x- lkslk;Vht jftLVªhdj.k vf/kfu;e 1973 ds varxZr
N-x- efgyk dkss"k dh LFkkiuk 02-02-2002 dks jkT; esa efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd
,oa lkekftd :Ik ls l’kDr cukus ,oa mudk lokZaxh.k fodkl djus ds fy, Lolgk;rk
lewgksa dk xBu] vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa gsrq vkfFkZd fofÙk;
lqfo/kk;sa iznku djus ds mn~ns’; ls dh xbZ gSA izkjaHk esa bl _.k ;kstuk dk uke
bafnjk efgyk dks"k dk;ZØe j[kk x;k Fkk ftls 2004 dks cnydj N-x- efgyk
dks"k dj fn;k x;k gS vc bl ;kstuk dsk blh uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA1
¼ist-ua-&51½
N-x- efgyk
dks"k dh
_.k ;kstuk
_.k ;kstuk
%&^^_.k
;kstuk ds izkjafHkd o"kZ 2003 ls ekg ekpZ 2014 rd 24]800 ls vf/kd Lo&lgk;rk
lewgksa dks 39 djksM+ :- ls vf/kd _.k Lohd`r fd, tk pqds gSA
^^l{ke
;kstuk^^ %& ;kstuk izkjaHk
ls fnlacj 2014 rd 882 ls vf/kd izdj.kksa esa 5-15 djksM+ ls vf/kd _.k jkf’k
Lohd`r dh xbZ gSA
^^Lokoyacu
;kstuk^^ %& ;kstuk esa
izkjaHk ¼2009&10½ ls fnlacj 2014 rd 750 ls vf/kd efgykvksa dks izf’k{k.k
fn;k x;k gSA
^^dkS’ky
mUu;u ;kstuk^^ %& ;kstuk
vkjaHk ¼2007&08½ ls ekpZ 2014 rd dqy 100 ls vf/kd izf’k{k.k l= vk;ksftr fd,
tk pqds gSaA
^^m|ferk
tkx:drk dk;Zdze^^ %&;kstuk
vkjaHk ¼2007&08½ ls ekpZ 2014 rd dqy 100 ls vf/kd izf’k{k.k l= vk;ksftr fd,
tk pqds gSA16^^
fu"d"kZ
izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u bl rF; dks ysdj vkxs
c<+rk gS fd Lora=rk izkfIr ds 68 o"kksZa ds i'pkr~ ns'k vkSj jkT; esa
efgykvksa ds lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd] ikfjokfjd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr larks’ktud
ugha gS ftlds ihNs fofHkUu iapo’khZ; ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls efgyk fodkl gsrq
fd, x, ljdkjh iz;Ruksa esa deh gSA Lora=rk ds le; ns'k ds efgyk lk{kjrk 5
izfr'kr ls Hkh de ;k 90 izfr'kr ls vf/kd efgyk,a ,fufe;k rFkk dqiks’k.k tSlh
leL;kvksa ls izHkkfor FkhA ns'k ds xjhc tula[;k esa efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 90 ls
Hkh vf/kd FkkA Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik'pkr~ fiNys 11 iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa ds
ek/;e ls muds lkekftd vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq fd, x, reke iz;Ruksa ds ckn Hkh vkt
fLFkfr ;g gS fd ns'k esa dsoy 65 izfr'kr efgyk,a gh lk{kj gSaA fu/kZuksa esa
efgykvksa dh cM+h rknkr gS rFkk LokLF; dh n`f’V ls os vkt Hkh jDr vYirk vkSj
,fufe;k tSlh leL;kvksa ls xzflr gSaA
v/;;uxr
lewg ds mRrjnkrkvksa esa lokZf/kd la[;k ;qok oxZ ds efgykvksa dh gS tks fd
30&40 vk;q oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA mRrjnkrkvksa esa lokZf/kd 49-4
izfr'kr fiNMk oxZ ds gSA rnqijkar 20-8 izfr'kr vuqlwfpr tutkfr] 16 izfr'kr
vuqlwfpr tkfr] 13-8 izfr'kr lkekU; oxZ ds lfEefyr gSaA v/;;u {ks= ds efgykvksa
esa vU; fiNMk oxZ cgqyrk gS bldk dkj.k v/;;u {ks= esa fiNMs oxZ dh tula[;k dk
vf/kd gksuk ekuk tk ldrk gSA mRrjnkrkvksa esa nwljk lokZf/kd izfrfuf/kRo
tutkfr;ksa dk gS ftldk laca/k tutkfr ckgqY; ftys jktukanxkao rFkk ckyksn ls gSA
v/;;uxr lewg ds efgykvksa esa cgqla[;d ek/;fed Lrj rd f'k{kk izkIr gS tks fd
efgykvksa ds fuEu ’kS{kf.kd fLFkfr dks n’kkZrk gS rFkkfi izkIr rF;ksa dk ,d
ldkjkRed igyw ;g Hkh gS fd mRrjnkrkvksa esa vf/kdka'k lk{kj o f'kf{kr gSaA
vf/kdka'k mRrjnkrk fgUnh Hkk"kk ds
lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; NRrhlx<+h cksyh dk Hkh Kku j[krs gSaA lokZf/kd
mRrjnkrk fookfgr gS tks dqy mRrjnkrkvksa dk 59-8 izfr'kr gS ,oa cgqr de 3-8
izfr'kr mRrjnkrk rykd’kqnk gSA lokZf/kd 54-8 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk d`f"k etnqjh
ds lkFk&lkFk Lojkstxkj esa dk;Zjr gS ,oa lcls de 6-6 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk
d`f"k dk;Z esa layXu gSaA cgqla[;d efgyk,a 1500&2500 : rd ekfld vk;
vftZr djrh gSA bl jkf’k dks xzkeh.k fu/kZu efgykvksa dh n`f’V ls larks"ktud
vk; dgk tk ldrk gS tks fd os d`f"k etnwjh rFkk Lo&jkstxkj dh vkfFkZd
xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls izkIr djrh gSaA
{ks= esa cgqla[;d ifjokj dk vkdkj e/;e
vkdkj dk gS ftlesa lnL;ksa dh la[;k 4&6 gksrh gS] ;g bl rF; dk ladsr gS fd
NRrhlx<+ jkT; esa] ifjokj y?kq gksrs tk jgk gS tks fd efgykvksa esa f'k{kk
dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj vkSj tkx:drk ds izHkko ds :Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
mRrjnkrkvksa esa 63 izfr'kr ,dkdh ifjokj esa fuokljr gS ,oa dsoy 37 izfr'kr
la;qDr ifjokj esa fuokl djrs gSaA
N-x- efgyk dks"k ds varxZr _.k ;kstuk
ftlls ykHkkfUor gSa &
NRrhlx<+
efgyk dks"k ds }kjk _.k ;kstuk] l{ke ;kstuk rFkk Lokoyacu ;kstuk ds rgr
_.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA v/;;uxr lewg ds ftu 318 mRrjnkrkvksa us _.k ysuk cryk;k
gS muls ml ;kstuk dk Hkh uke Kkr fd;k x;k gS ftlds rgr os ykHkkafor gSaA izkIr
rF;ksa dk fooj.k fuEu rkfydk eas fn;k x;k gS
lkj.kh 1
_.k ;kstuk ftlls ykHkkfUor gSa
dza
|
;kstuk ftlls ykHkkfUor gks jgs gSa
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
izfr’kr
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
1
|
_.k
;kstuk
|
26 ¼41-93½
|
28 ¼43-08½
|
26 ¼40-63½
|
30 ¼45-45½
|
26 ¼42-62½
|
136
|
42-76
|
2
|
l{ke
;kstuk
|
22 ¼35-48½
|
22 ¼33-85½
|
24 ¼37-5½
|
22 ¼33-33½
|
21 ¼34-42½
|
111
|
34-91
|
3
|
Lokoyacu ;kstuk
|
14 ¼22-59½
|
15 ¼23-07½
|
14 ¼21-87½
|
14 ¼21-22½
|
14 ¼22-96½
|
71
|
22-33
|
|
;ksx
|
62 ¼100½
|
65 ¼100½
|
64 ¼100½
|
66 ¼100½
|
61 ¼100½
|
318
|
100
|
mi;ZqDr
fo’ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd 42-76 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa us _.k ;sktuk ds
rgr~ _.k fy;k gS] 34-91 izfr’kr us l{ke ;kstukarxZr 22-33 izfr’kr us Lokoyacu
;kstuk dk ykHk fy;k gSA
ftykuqlkj Li"V gS fd lHkh ftys esa
lokZf/kd _.k ;kstuk ls efgyk,a ykHkkfUor gks jgh gS rRi’pkr~ l{ke ;kstukarxZr
,oa Lokoyacu ;kstuk ds rgr izf’k{k.k ys jgh gSA
;fn
gak rks _.k dh jkf’k \
NRrhlx<+
efgyk dks"k ds Lokoyacu ;kstuk ds rgr 5000 #- rd eqDr dk izf’k{k.k fn;k
tkrk gSA ;fn O;fDr HIV ls ihfM+r
gSa ;k lSDl odZj gS rks mls 10]000 dk O;fDrxr _.k 3 izfr’kr O;kt ij fn;k tkrk
gSA tcfd lewg ds ek/;e ls O;olk; izkjaHk djus ds fy, 1]00]000 #- rd dh jkf’k
ftyk izca/kd }kjk 3 izfr’kr C;kt nj ij iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
l{ke
;kstuk esa ,d yk[k #i;s 6 izfr’kr C;kt dh nj ls _.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd
_.k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr 50]000 #- izFke ckj esa rFkk le; ij _.k pqdkus ij 2]00]000
#- rd dk _.k 3 izfr’kr okf"kZd C;kt dh nj ij _.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA v/;;u ls izkIr rF; fuEu
gS &
lkj.kh Øekad-2
_.k dh jkf’k
dza
|
_.k dh jkf’k
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
Ikzfr’kr
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
1
|
50]000
:-rd
|
20
¼32-26½
|
22 ¼33-85½
|
23
¼35-94½
|
23
¼34-85½
|
20
¼32-79½
|
108
|
33-96
|
2
|
50]000&1]00000
:-rd
|
16
¼25-81½
|
18
¼27-69½
|
17
¼26-56½
|
18
¼27-27½
|
15
¼24-59½
|
84
|
26-43
|
3
|
1]00000&1]50]000:-rd
|
14
¼22-58½
|
13 ¼20½
|
14
¼21-87½
|
14
¼21-21½
|
15
¼24-59½
|
70
|
22-0
|
4
|
1]50]000&2]00000
:-rd
|
12 ¼19-35½
|
12
¼18-46½
|
10
¼15-63½
|
11
¼16-67½
|
11
¼18-03½
|
56
|
17-61
|
|
;ksx
|
62¼100½
|
65¼100½
|
64¼100½
|
66¼100½
|
61¼100½
|
318
|
100
|
mijksDr
fo’ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd 33-96 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa us _.k ;kstuk ds
varxZr 50]000 #- rd dk _.k fy;k gS 26-43 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa us 50]000 : ls 1]00000
#- rd dk _.k] 22-0 izfr’kr efgykvksa us 1 yk[k ls 1-50 yk[k rd dk _.k] ,oa dsoy
17-61 izfr’kr us _.k izkIr fd;k gSA
ftysokj v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd
lokZf/kd jk;iqj ds 35-94 izfr’kr o jktukanxkao ds 34-85 izfr’kr efgykvksa us
izkjafHkd Lrj ij _.k fy;k gSA jk;x<+ ftys ds mRrjnkrkvksa esa 33-85 izfr’kr
us f}rh; Lrj ;kstuk dk ykHk fy;k gSA
_.k
ysus dk mn~ns’;
NRrhlx<+
efgyk dks"k dh _.k ;kstuk dk eq[; mn~ns’; fu/kZu efgykvksa dks Lojkstxkj
gsrq izsfjr djuk] fofHkUu vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;kas ds }kjk Lo;a dks l{ke cukuk]
fofHkUu izf’k{k.k izkIr dj xfrfof/k izkjaHk djus gsrq izsfjr djuk eqq[; gSA
v/;;uxr lewg ds mRrjnkrkvksa ds }kjk fy, x;s _.k ds mn~ns’; dks fuEu rkfydk esa
n’kkZ;k x;k gS&
lkj.kh 3
_.k ysus dk mn~ns’;
Ø-
|
_.k ysus dk mn~ns’;
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
izfr'kr
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
1
|
d`f"k
dk;Z gsrq
|
12 ¼19-35½
|
14 ¼21-54½
|
12 ¼18-75½
|
15 ¼22-73½
|
13 ¼21-32½
|
66
|
20-75
|
2
|
Lo;a dk
O;olk; izkjaHk djus gsrq ¼Lojkstxkj½
|
24¼38-71½
|
23 ¼35-38½
|
25 ¼39-06½
|
26 ¼39-39½
|
23 ¼37-70½
|
121
|
38-05
|
3
|
izf’k{k.k
ysus gsrq
|
16 ¼25-81½
|
16 ¼24-62½
|
15 ¼23-44½
|
14 ¼21-21½
|
14 ¼22-95½
|
75
|
23-58
|
4
|
ifjlaifRr
Ø; gsrq
|
10 ¼16-13½
|
12 ¼18-46½
|
12 ¼18-75½
|
11 ¼16-67½
|
11 ¼18-03½
|
56
|
17-62
|
|
;ksx
|
62¼100½
|
65¼100½
|
64¼100½
|
66¼100½
|
61¼100½
|
318
|
100
|
mijksDr
fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd 38-05 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa us Lo;a dk O;olk; izkjaHk
djus gsrq ;kstukarxZr _.k fy;k gS 23-58 izfr’kr us dgk fd f’k{k.k ,oa rduhdh
izf’k{k.k izkIr djus gsrq ;sktuk dk ykHk ys jgh gS 20-75 izfr’kr us d`f"k
dk;Z gsrq _.k izkIr fd;k] 17-62 izfr’kr efgykvksa us ifjlaifRr esa o`f/n ¼iwoZ
ds O;olk; esa o`f/n½ gsrq ;kstuk dk ykHk fy;k gSA
N-x- efgyk dsk"k dh ;kstukvksa dk efgykvksa ij izHkko
fu/kZu
efgykvksa fo’ks"kdj xzkeh.k Efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd l’kDrhdj.k gsrq efgyk ,oa
cky fodkl dh fofHkUu ;kstuk,a ykxw gSa ftlesa ls NRrhlx<+ efgyk dks"k
dh _.k ;kstuk Hkh ,d eq[; ;kstuk gSA _.k ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls fu/kZu efgykvksa
dks lewg cukdj xfrfof/k lapkfyr djus rFkk mlls lrr~ vk; izkIr djus gsrq
izf’k{k.k ,oa fn’kk funsZ’k fn, tkrs gSa ftldk izHkko muds lkekftd&vkfFkZd
thou ij iM+rk gSA T;knkrj lewg ;kstuk ds fn’kk&funsZ’kksa dk ikyu djrs gSa
ifj.kker% os Lo;a dks csgrj fLFkfr esa ikrs gSaA NRrhlx<+ jkT; ds fu/kZu
xzkeh.k efgykvksa ds thou Lrj ij _.k ;kstuk ds izHkko laca/kh rF;ksa dks fuEu
rkfydk esa n’kkZ;k x;k gS&
lkj.kh 4
fofHkUu _.k ;kstuk dk efgykvksa ij izHkko
dza
|
efgykvksa ij izHkko
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
izfr’kr
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
1
|
vkRefuHkZj
gqbZ gS
|
22 ¼35-48½
|
23
¼35-36½
|
20
¼31-25½
|
22
¼33-34½
|
21
¼34-43½
|
169
|
33-96
|
2
|
Lokoyach
cuh gS
¼rduhdh
:Ik ls l{ke½
|
19
¼30-65½
|
21
¼32-31½
|
19
¼29-69½
|
20
¼30-30½
|
19
¼31-15½
|
155
|
30-82
|
3
|
Ikfjokfjd
Hkj.k iks"k.k esa l{ke gqbZ gS
|
13
¼20-97½
|
14
¼21-54½
|
15
¼23-44½
|
16
¼24-24½
|
14
¼22-95½
|
111
|
22-64
|
4
|
vko’;d
lalk/ku miyC/k gqvk gS
|
8 ¼12-9½
|
7 ¼10-77½
|
10
¼15-62½
|
8 ¼12-12½
|
7 ¼11-47½
|
65
|
12-58
|
|
;ksx
|
62¼100½
|
65¼100½
|
64¼100½
|
66¼100½
|
61¼100½
|
318
|
100
|
mijksDr
lkj.kh ds fo’ys"k.k ls Li"V gS fd N-x- efgyk dks"k ;kstukarxZr
efgyk,a ykHkkfUor gks jgh gS lokZf/kd 33-96 izfr’kr efgykvksa us dgk fd ;sktuk
ds ek/;e ls lgk;rk feyus ij og vkRefuHkZj cuh gS 30-82 izfr’kr us ekuk fd og
rduhdh :Ik ls vf/kd dq’ky o n{k gqbZ gSA 22-64 izfr’kr us crk;k fd dks"k
ds varxZr _+.k ;kstuk ls _.k ysdj Lo;a dk O;olk; izkjaHk fd;k QyLo:i og Lo;a
,oa ifjokj ds Hkj.k iks"k.k esa l{ke gqbZ gSA 12-58 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvkas
us Lohdkjk fd ;kstuk }kjk _.k ysus ls vko’;d lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk gqbZ gSA
fu"d"kZr% Li"V gS fd
efgyk dks"k ;kstuk efgykvksa ds fy, vf/kd mi;ksxh o egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZ
gS og Lo;a ,oa ifjokj dk ikyu iks"k.k djus esa l{ke gqbZ gSaA
;kstukarxZr nh tk jgh lg;ksx jkf”k ls
larq"V gksuk
lkj.kh 5
_.k jkf’k ls larq"V
dza
|
lg;ksx jkf’k ls larq"V
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
izfr’kr
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
1
|
Gka
|
44
¼70-95½
|
51
¼78-46½
|
50
¼78-13½
|
58
¼87-88½
|
50
¼81-97½
|
253
|
79-56
|
2
|
Ugh
|
18
¼29-03½
|
14
¼21-54½
|
14
¼21-87½
|
8 ¼12-12½
|
11
¼18-03½
|
65
|
20-44
|
|
;ksx
|
62¼100½
|
65¼100½
|
64¼100½
|
66¼100½
|
61¼100½
|
318
|
100
|
mijksDr
rkfydk ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 79-56 izfr’kr mRrjnkrk dks"k }kjk nh tk jgh
lg;ksx ¼_.k½ jkf’k ls larq"V gS 20-44 izfr’kr lg;ksx Lo:Ik feyus okyh _.k
jkf’k ls larq"V ugha gSA
fu"d"kZr%
Li"V gS fd;sktuk ds varxZr nh tkus okyh _.k dh jkf’k esa o`f/n ;k _.k ij
C;kt nj esa lq/kkj fd;k tk, rkfd 100 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa dks larq"V fd;k
tk ldsaA
N-x- efgyk dks"k efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d
gksuk
NRrhlx<+
efgyk dks"k ds xBu ds eq[; mn~ns’;ksa esa efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd fodkl eq[;
fcUnq jgk gSA bl ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k {ks= ds fu/kZu efgykvksa dks
O;fDrxr Lrj ij rFkk lewg Lrj ij vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa ds lapkyu gsrq _.k iznku
fd;k tkrk gSA _.k dk mn~ns’; u dsoy mUgsa Lojkstxkj ds fy, izsfjr djuk gksrk gS
oju mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks Hkh csgrj cukuk gksrk gSA NRrhlx<+ efgyk
dks"k }kjk iznku dh tkus okyh lg;ksx jkf’k ls larqf"V ds fo"k;
esa mRrjnkrkvksa ls rF;ksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS tks fd fuEu rkfydk ls Li"V
gS&
lkj.kh 6
vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d
dza
|
vkfFkZd fodkl esa lgk;d
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
izfr’kr
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
vk@iz
|
1
|
cgqr gn
rd
|
40 ¼4-51½
|
42
¼64-62½
|
41
¼64-06½
|
42
¼63-64½
|
39 ¼64½
|
204
|
64-15
|
2
|
dqN gn rd
|
22
¼35-48½
|
23
¼35-38½
|
23
¼35-94½
|
24
¼36-36½
|
22 ¼36½
|
114
|
35-85
|
3
|
fcYdqy
ugah
|
&
|
&
|
&
|
&
|
&
|
&
|
&
|
|
;ksx
|
62 ¼35-48½
|
65 ¼35-38½
|
64 ¼35-94½
|
66 ¼36-36½
|
61 ¼36½
|
318
|
100
|
fooj.k
ls Li"V gS fd lokZf/kd 64-15 izfr’kr us dgk fd N-x- efgyk dks"k
efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa cgqr gn rd lgk;d gS dsoy 35-85 izfr’kr us ekuk
fd dqN gn rd gh vkfFkZd fodkl gks ikrk gSA
fu"d"kZ Lo:Ik efgyk dks"k
dh ;kstuk,a efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa cgqr vf/kd lgk;d fl/n gqbZ gSaA
;kstuk dk fdz;kUo;u lgh rjhds ls gksuk \
fdlh
Hkh fodkl ;kstuk ;k dk;ZØe dh lQyrk leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ns’k
ds izFke lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe tks 1952 esa ykxw gqvk gS ftlds fo"k; esa
;kstuk vk;ksx ds lnL; jgs izks- ';kekpj.k nqcs us ;g fVIi.kh fd;k fd bl ;kstuk
dh vlQyrk ds ihNs u dsoy ukSdj’kkgh O;oLFkk eq[; dkj.k Fkk oju leqnk; esa
tkx:drk dk vHkko o Hkkxhnkjh dh deh T;knk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jgk gSA izLrqr v/;;u
esa NRrhlx<+ efgyk dks"k ds _.k ;kstuksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds fo"k; esa
mRrjnkrkvksa ls rF;ksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS tks fd fuEu rkfydk ls Li"V
gS&
lkj.kh 7
_.k ;kstuk dk fdz;kUo;u mfpr <ax ls gksuk
dza
|
;kstuk dk fdz;kUo;u
|
Lkjxqtk
|
jk;x<+
|
jk;iqj
|
jktukanxkao
|
ckyksn
|
;ksx
|
izfr’kr
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
vk-@iz-
|
1
|
gka
|
45
¼72-59½
|
52 ¼80½
|
52
¼81-25½
|
49¼74-24½
|
53
¼86-89½
|
251
|
78-93
|
2
|
ugah
|
17
¼27-41½
|
13 ¼20½
|
12
¼18-75½
|
17
¼25-76½
|
08
¼13-11½
|
67
|
21-07
|
3
|
irk ugah
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
|
|
|
;ksx
|
62 ¼100½
|
65 ¼100½
|
64 ¼100½
|
66 ¼100½
|
61 ¼100½
|
318 ¼100½
|
100 ¼100½
|
lkj.kh
v/;;u ls Li"V gskrk gS fd 78-93 izfr’kr mRrjnkrkvksa us crk;k fd ;kstuk dk
fdz;kUo;u ,oa lapkyu lgh rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gSA ftlds QyLo:Ik vf/kd ls vf/kd
efgyk,a fofHkUu ;kstuk dk ykHk ysdj lekt esa lEekuiwoZd o vkRefuHkZjrk ds lkFk
thou ;kiu dj jgh gS lkFk gh vius lHkh nkf;Roksa dk iw.kZ :is.k fuokZg dj jgh
gSA 21-07 izfr’kr us dgk fd ;kstuk dk fdz;kUo;u mrus lQy rjhds ls ugh fd;k tk
jgk gS ftruk gksuk pkfg,A blls ;kstuk dk ykHk lgh fgrxzkfg;ksa rd ugh igqap
ikrk gS vkSj og ;kstukvksa dk ykHk ugha ys ikrh gSA ;kstuk ds lQyrk gsrq vkSj
vf/kd iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg,A
fu"d"kZ
v/;;u ls
Li"V gskrk gS fd efgyk dks"k dh ;kstuk,a efgykvksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa
cgqr vf/kd lgk;d fl/n gqbZ gSaA mRrjnkrkvksa us crk;k fd ;kstuk dk fdz;kUo;u
,oa lapkyu lgh rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gS ftlds QyLo:Ik vf/kd ls vf/kd efgyk,a
fofHkUu ;kstuk dk ykHk ysdj lekt esa lEekuiwoZd o vkRefuHkZjrk ds lkFk thou
;kiu dj jgh gS lkFk gh vius lHkh nkf;Roksa dk iw.kZ :is.k fuokZg dj jgh gSA og
Lo;a ,oa ifjokj dk ikyu iks"k.k djus esa l{ke gqbZ gSaA
lanHkZ
lqph %&
References
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Handbook of Early Literacy Research. Vol 2 p445-468
- Izk’kkldh;
izfrosnu efgyk
,oa cky fodkl foHkkx N-x- “kklu 2014&15 p-51.
- izf’k{k.k lanf’kZdk efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx
2009&10 P-235-236.
- efgyk ,oa
cky fodkl foHkkx dh ekfld if=dk 2010. P-233-234.
- www.c.g.govt.ac.in/womenand
child development.2015
- iz’kkldh; izfrosnu
efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx N-x- “kklu 2012&13 p-139.
- vkaxuckM+h dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, izf'k{k.k
lanf'kZdk] {ks=h; efgyk izf'k{k.k laLFkku efgyk ,oa cky fodkl foHkkx] fcykliqj]
2006
- dq:{ks= & dY;k.kdkjh ;kstukvksa }kjk efgyk
l'kDrhdj.k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl esa efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku] vad 5] ekpZ 2009
- flag] c`Unk & tuLokLF; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k]
iap'khy izdk'ku] t;iqj] 1999
- lqiks"k.k uhfr & efgyk ,oa cky fodkl
foHkkx] NRrhlx<+ 'kklu] 2001
- efgykvksa dk lkekftd cnyko] o"kZ 52] vad 12]
fnlacj 2008