xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkass
esa O;olkf;d fodkl ,oa dk;Z larqf"V % jk;iqj {ks= ds
fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa
vfnfr tks'kh ,oa
MkW- gjh’k dqekj lkgw
”kks/kkFkhZ] xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku v/;;u’kkyk] ia0 jfo’kadj 'kqqDy
fo’ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N0x0½
ofj"B lgk;d izk/;kid] xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk foKku v/;;u’kkyk] ia0
jfo’kadj 'kqqDy fo’ofo|ky;] jk;iqj ¼N0x0½
bZ&esy % hari197479@yahoo.in
lkj (Abstract)
&
v/;;u
jk;iqj {ks= ds xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa ds e/; lrr O;olkf;d fodkl ,oa dk;Z
larqf"V dks Kkr djuk gSaA deZpkfj;ksa dk çf'k{k.k laxBu dh n{krk dks n'kkZrk gS blfy,
laxBu ds deZpkfj;ksa dk çf'k{k.k laxBu dh ,dek= ftEesnkjh gksrh gS ftlls laxBu
dh lqO;ofLFkr çca/ku ds fy, deZpkjh vius iw.kZ dq'kyrk dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa
vr% O;olkf;dkas dk çf'k{k.k O;olkf;d fodkl dk v/;;u egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSaA
v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd jk;iqj {ks= ds xzaFkky; O;olk;h dsoy 60-66%
larq"V gSaaA ;ksX;rk rFkk dk;Z dh Ád`fr dk dk;Z larqf"V ij dksbZ
ÁHkko ugh iM+rkA lrr O;olkf;d fodkl ds varZxr lgefr dk ek/; vf/kd ÁkIr gqvk vr%
lrr O;olkf;d fodkl dh xzaFkky; O;olk;h ds fy, vko’;d gSaA fjÝs'kj
dkslZ] lsfeukjksa] laxksf"B;ksa] dk;Z'kkykvksa vkfn esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,
xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk gksxk
tks rduhdh {kerk vkSj n{krk dks c<+k,axsA bl Ádkj lrr O;kolkf;d fodkl fo'ofo|ky; dk cgqr egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS]
fo'ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky;ksa esa dke djus okys iqLrdky; O;kolkf;dksa dks
fujarj çf'k{k.k çnku djuk Pkkfg, tks
mUgsa fofHkUu çdkj ds O;kolkf;d dkS'ky] Kku vkSj n{krkvksa dks lh[kus]
lq/kkjus] fodflr djus ds fy, rS;kj dj vktdy ds xzaFkiky dks cnyh Hkwfedk esa vkxs vkus dk volj çnku djrk gSaA
“kCn ladsr (Keyword) %& xzaFkky;] xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkass] O;olkf;d
fodkl] dk;Z larqf"VA
1.
ifjp; (Introduction) %&
dk;Z fdlh O;fä ds thou dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gS
fdlh vU; xfrfof/k dh rqyuk esa dk;Z esa O;fä vf/kdre le; O;rhr djrk gSaA dk;Z
fdlh O;fä dks thou dh foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djrk gSaA larqf"V ls rkRi;Z ml
O;fä dh O;olk; ds laca/k esa ?kVukvksa iqjLdkjksa yksxksa ds laca/k [kq'kh dh
lhek ds ckjs esa eglwl dh tkrh gSaA fdlh dk;Z ij deZpkfj;ksa dk O;ogkj ,oa
,dkxzrk laxBu ds fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ igyw gSA dk;Z dh larqf"V fdlh O;olk;
;k dk;Z ds vuqHko ds ewY;kadu ls mRiUu ,d vkRe ldkjkRed fLFkfr gSaA dk;Z
larqf"V dk;Z ds fofHkUu igyqvksa tSls n{krk] mRikndrk] deZpkjh dh vuqifLFkfr]
laLFkkxr VuZvksoj njsa rFkk dk;Z ls R;kxi= vkfn ij fuHkZj djrh gSA dk;Z
larqf"V mu Hkkoukvksa ,oa fo'oklksa dk laxzg gS] tks O;olk;h dks muds
orZeku dk;Z ds ckjs esa gksrh gSA larqf"V dk Lrj larqf"V dh
ijkdk"Bk ls vlarqf"V dh ijkdk"Bk rd gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh laxBu
vius dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk rFkk bZekunkjh ij /;ku dsafær djrk gSA deZpkfj;ksa }kjk
vius dk;Z ds çn'kZu ds fy, dM+h esgur dh tkrh gS] ftlls dk;Z dks Lohdkj djuk
rFkk mlesa jgus dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gaS dk;Z ,d O;olkbZ dk;Z gS tks O;fä }kjk
osru ds :i esa iqjLdkj ds cnys fn;k tkrk gSaA
fofHkUu O;fä;ksa ds chp xzaFkky; O;olk;h dk dk;Z ,d
egRoiw.kZ O;olkf;d dk;Z gSA fMftVy ;qx
esa 'kS{kf.kd iqLrdky; vHkh ,d gkbfczM fLFkfr ls xqtj jgs gSa tks fd iqjkus
ikjaifjd Áys[kksa dks laHkkyus ds fy,
vFkd ç;kl dj jgs gSaA v‚uykbu lsokvksa ds mi;ksx dks mi;ksxdrkZ rd igqap çnku
dj jgs gSa xzaFkky; ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks usVodZ esa ykuk rFkk muds vko';drk ds
vuqlkj lsok,a çnku djuk] fujarj O;olk;h fy, pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gaSA iqLrdky;
O;olk; dh dk;Z dh larqf"V rHkh gks ldrh gS tc dHkh iqLrdky; mi;ksxdrkZvksa
dks larqf"V ds lkFk gh lkFk vius xzaFkkyf;u dk;Z ds çfr ftEesnkfj;ksa dk
fuoZgu djus esa l{ke gksA 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky; ijaijkxr izys[kksa ,oa vkWuykbu
lwpuk nksukas dks cuk;s j[kdj gkbZfczM voLFkk ls xqtj jgs gaSA ,d xzaFkky;
O;olk;h vkSj bldh larqf"V lqlaxr gks ldrh gS tc xzaFkky; mi;ksxdrkZ dh
vko’;drk dh larqf"V ds fy, vius dk;Z ,oa drZO;ksa ds fy, izn’kZu djrs gaSA
blds fy, os fdl izdkj vius dk;ksZa dk lkeuk djrs gaS] ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ iz’u gSA
2.1 dk;Z larqf"V ds dkjd (Factors of Job Satisfaction) %&
fofHkUu fo}kuksa us dk;Z larqf"V ds dkj.k dks
fuEukuqlkj crk;k gSa%&
gtZcxZ ¼1966½ us dk;Z ds okrkoj.k ds egRo dks Li"V
fd;kA dk;Z dh ns[kjs[k] dk;Z dh izd`fr] osru] dk;Z dh fLFkfr] dk;Z dk ewY;kadu]
inksUufr] lgdfeZ;ksa ds n`f’Vdks.k] dk;Z pqukSfr;kW] iw.kZrk vkfn dk;Z
larqf"V dks izHkkfor djrs gaSA gsdeSu vkSj gksYMgSe ¼1975½ us Hkh
,d Dykfld ekWMy rS;kj fd;k gS tks dk;Z ds okrkoj.k esa izHkkfor djus okys
dkjdksa dh igpku dj dk;Z larqf"V dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA vkarfjd dkjd tSls
dk;Z dh lkexzh] dk;Z dh fofo/krk] larqf"V esa ;ksxnku nsrs gaS tcfd ckgjh
dkjd tSls fd osru vkSj ukSdjh dh lqj{kk Hkh larqf"V esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSaA
ckgjh dkjd laLFkk dk uke] deZpkfj;ksa ds futh] i;Zos{k.k] izca/ku izfØ;k]
ewY;kadu] inksUufr] uhfr;k¡] izFkk;sa] vuqdqy dk;Z dh fLFkfr] laxBukRed
okrkoj.k] lgk;d dk;ZdrkZ vkSj laxBukRed uhfr gksrs gaSA tcfd vkarfjd dkjd vkRe
vfHkO;fDr] 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk] vk;q] fyax] ofj"Brk vkfn gaS tks vk/kqfud
laxBuksa esa dk;Z dh larqf"V dks izHkkfor djrs gSA dk;Z larqf"V dks izHkkfor djus okys fofHkUu dkjd dksa 3 Hkkxksa esa
ckaVk gS%&
1- O;fDrxr
dkjd
2-
vUrfuZfgr dkjd
3-
izca/k }kjk fu;=a.k ;ksX; ?kVd
1-
O;fDrxr dkjd &
O;fDrxr dkjd os gksrs gSa tks
O;fDrxr fo'ks"krkvksa tSls vk;q] vuqHko] fyax] dk;Z dk le;] f’k{kk]
O;fDrRo vkfn Hkh dk;Z larqf"V esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA
fujk'kkoknh vkSj udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[kus okys ukSdjh esa lnSo f’kdk;r
djus ds fy, vkxs jgrs gaSA de vkSj vf’kf{kr O;fDr Hkh vius dk;Z ls larq"V
ugha gksrsA dHkh dHkkj vf/kd vk;q] vf/kd vuqHko okys O;fDr Hkh vius dk;Z ls
vlarq"V jgrs gSaA
2-
vUrfuZfgr dkjd &
bl izdkj
ds ?kVd dk;Z dh izd`fr rFkk dk;Z lacaf/kr gksrs gSa tSls izfr"Bk] visf{kr
;ksX;rk] dq’kyrk] prqjkbZ] vuqdqy okrkoj.k] vkjkenk;d HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;kW
vkfnA bl izdkj ds ?kVdksa }kjk deZpkfj;ksa dh larqf"V ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
;s ?kVd O;fDrxr ?kVdksa dh vis{kk vf/kd izHkkoh ekus tkrs gaSA
3- izca/k }kjk fu;=a.k ;ksX; ?kVd &
dk;Z
larqf"V dks izHkkfor djus esa izca/kd dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ,d izca/kd
vius deZpkjh ds i;kZIr osru] vPNs O;ogkj] mi;qZDr lqj{kk] vkuq"kafxd ykHk]
lgh mRrjnkf;Ro iznku dj larq"V dj ldrk gSA deZpkfj;ksa dh larqf"V
muds v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ksa ,oa lg deZpkfj;ksa ds lg;ksx ls Hkh curh gSA
i;Zos{kdksa ds ln~O;ogkj ls Hkh deZpkjh larq"V gksrs gaSA dk;Z n'kk;sa
vuqdqy gksus ij Hkh deZpkjh larq"V gksrs gaSA xzaFkky; O;kolk;h ds dk;Z
dh larqf"V LokHkkfod :i ls vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd fLFkfr;ksa ij
fuHkZj djrh gSA ,d xzaFkiky ftls i;kZIr osru ugha fey jgk gS] mls vius
ikfjokfjd thou dks cuk, j[kus dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA ;g leL;k xzaFkiky
dks larq"V gksus ls nwj j[krh gSA xzaFkky; O;olk;h ds dk;Z larqf"V dks
izHkkfor djus okys eq[; dkjd bl izdkj gS%&
1- dk;Z lEiUurk
1-1
fu.kZ;u
1-2
xzaFkky;
laxzg] lajpuk ,oa ekuo 'kfDr
1-3
dk;Z
dh izd`fr
1-4
dk;Z
laiw.kZrk
1-5
osru
1-6
dk;Z
pqukSfr;kW
2- xzaFkky; O;olk;h dh fLFkfr
2-1
O;kolkf;d
fLFkfr
2-2
lkekftd
fLFkfr
3- dk;Z Hkkxhnkjh
3-1
vkarfjd
vfHkizsj.k
3-2
ckg~;
vfHkizsj.k
3-3
dk;Z
;ksxnku
3-4
ekuo
lalk/ku
4- dk;Z ewY;kadu
4-1 dk;Z dh
fLFkfr
4-2- O;olk; lqj{kk
4-3- O;olkf;d
fodkl
5-
lqpuk çks|kSfxdh dk dk;Z larqf"V ij ÁHkko
2.2 lrr O;olkf;d fodkl (Continual professional development
(CPD)
lrr O;olkf;d fodkl dks iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk
foKku ds lanHkZ esa lrr O;kolkf;d f'k{kk ds :i esa lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS ;g og
çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk fo'ks"kK vius dSfj;j ds nkSjku ,d
O;olkf;d n{krk cuk, j[krs gSa bls yacs dSfj;j çfØ;k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fd deZpkfj;ksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk ;ksX;rk dks v|ru j[kus rFkk
c<+kus ds fy, dk;Z djrh gS fdlh laxBu dh lQyrk lh/ks mlds deZpkfj;ksa ij
fuHkZj djrh gSaA deZpkfj;ksa dk çf'k{k.k laxBu dh n{krk dks n'kkZrk gS blfy,
laxBu ds deZpkfj;ksa dk çf'k{k.k laxBu dh ,dek= ftEesnkjh gksrh gS ftlls laxBu
dh lqO;ofLFkr çca/ku ds fy, deZpkjh vius iw.kZ dq'kyrk dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa
vr% O;olkf;dkas dk çf'k{k.k O;olkf;d fodkl dk v/;;u egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSaA
lrr fodkl deZpkfj;ksa ds mPp eukscy dks c<+kok nsrk gSaA mUgsa çHkkoh :i ls
çn'kZu djus ds fy, lgk;rk djrk gS rFkk Hkfo"; esa O;olk; ds fodkl ds fy,
{kerk Hkh çnku djrk gS vr% xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa dks rduhdh :i ls mUeq[k rjhdksa
ls i;kZIr çf'k{k.k çnku fd;k tkuk gh orZeku le; dh ekax gSaA orZeku le; esa
xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa dh rduhdh vko';drk fuEukuqlkj gS&
1- dEI;wVj
çksxzkfeax] osc MsoyiesaV] dkslZ eSustesaV l‚¶Vos;j tSls osc lh-Vh- dk Kku
2- rsth ls cnyrh çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqdwy gksus vkSj lwpuk lsokvksa ds
çlkj.k esa mudk mi;ksx djus dh n{krk gksukA
3- laLFkkxr
fjiksftVjh dk;ZØeksa vkSj fMftVy laxzg fodkl esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkuh pkfg,A
4- ,dh—r
iqLrdky; ç.kkyh ds lkFk dk;Z djus eSa l{ke gksuk pkfg,
5- iqLrdky; deZpkfj;ksa dh ;ksX;rk Lrj c<+kus ds fy, rhu rjg ds
–f"Vdks.k gS iwoZ lsok çf'k{k.k] lsok esa çf'k{k.k rFkk lrr f'k{kk çf'k{k.k
lHkh
çf'k{k.k ds ek/;e ls deZpkfj;ksa dk O;olkf;d fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSa ftlls dk;Z
ds çfr yxko ,oa larqf"V c<+rh gaSA bysDVª‚fud okrkoj.k esa lwpuk
HkaMkj.k] lapkj rFkk vU; çkS|ksfxdh dh vko';drk esa Hkfo"; esa xzaFkky;
O;olkf;dkass dks Kku ,oa lapkyu dh dq'kyrk dh vko';drk gksrh gS] vr% muds ikl
rduhdh dq'kyrk] lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dh dq'kyrk ,oa çca/kdh; dq'kyrk gksuh pkfg,A
iqLrdky; ds y{; dks iw.kZ djus ds fy, dkfeZdksa dks dq'kyrk ,oa çn'kZu fodkl
ds fy, dqN ek/;e fuEufyf[kr gSaA
1- VheodZ ds ewy fl)kar ij dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
2- deZpkfj;ksa
dks iqjLdkj ,oa buke fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- le;
le; ij dk;Z ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dh leh{kk rFkk çfrfØ;k çkIr djuh pkfg,A
4- çf'k{k.k
ls deZpkfj;ksa ds çn'kZu rFkk eukscy dks c<+k;k tk ldrk
3-
v/;;u dk mÌs';
(Objectives of Study) % &
1-
jk;iqj
{ks= ds xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa esa dk;Z larqf"V dk Lrj Kkr djukA
2-
xzaFkky;
O;olkf;dksa esa lrr O;olkf;d fodkl ls lacaf/kr fopkjksa ls lgefr rFkk vlgefr
Kkr djukA
3-
jk;iqj
{ks= ds xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa esa ;ksX;rk ,oa dk;Z dh Ád`fr ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z
larqf"V dk v/;;u djuk
4. lkfgR; dh leh{kk (Review of
Literature) %&
vCcu lSeqvy ¼2018½ ds v/;;u esa xzaFkky;
deZpkfj;ksa ds çf'k{k.k ,oa fodkl ds egRo dks crk;k x;k gSaAv/;;u esa mUgksaus
crk;k fd çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ls xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkas ds dk;Z dks lqO;ofLFkr <ax
ls djus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA mUgksaus 65 xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkass ls ç'ukoyh Hkjokdj
vkadM+ksa dk ladyu fd;k rFkk fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd vf/kdrj çf'k{k.k ,oa
fodkl dk;ZØe dk ykHk mBkrs gSa] blls dk;Z dh larqf"V c<+rh gSaA
vkstksysg jkst ¼2016½ us vius ys[k csyslk rFkk
MsYVk jkT; ds 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;ksa esa deZpkfj;ksa ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr v/;;u
fd;kA mUgksaus 15 'kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;ksa mls 171 xzaFkikyksa ls ç'ukoyh Hkjok;h
rFkk Kkr fd;k fd fofHkUu dkjd tSls deZpkfj;ksa dh Li/kkZ] pqukSrh] mPp ;ksX;rk
dh vko';drk] foÙkh; lgk;rk] vkfn dkjd xzaFkky;ksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d gS] ijarq
xzaFkikyksa ds çf'k{k.k ,oa fodkl dk;ZØe dh Hkkxhnkjh ls mudh dk;Z dq'kyrk dks
c<+k;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ldkjkRed çsj.kk çnku dh tk ldrh gSaA
LokehukFku
ds- ,l ,e~ ¼2017½ Þ,f'k;u fjO;q v‚Q lks'ky lkbal Þ us enqjkbZ ftys ds
27 egkfo|ky; ds xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa
esa dk;Z larqf"V ij v/;;u esa ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gSa fd 63% iq#"k
rFkk 37%
efgyk,a dk;Zjr gaSA
egkfo|ky; esa 37.04%
xzaFkky; O;olk;h 41&50
vk;q oxZ ds gSa lokZf/kd 37-04% O;olk;h
dk;Z larqf"V ls vR;f/kd lger gSa tcfd 7.4% xzaFkky;
O;olk;h 41-50 vk;q oxZ ds gSaA
lokZf/kd 37-04 %
O;olk;h dk;Z larqf"V ls vR;f/kd lger gSa tcfd 7-4%
O;olkf;dkas us viuk dksbZ er ugha fn;k gSa O;kolkf;dksa dk ekuuk gS fd muesa
ih,pMh dh ;ksX;rk dks c<+kok nsuk
pkfg,A LofoÙkh; laLFkkuksa ds xzaFkiky
osru dh larqf"V ls vlger
gSaA 'kkldh; ,oa vuqnku çkIr
egkfo|ky;ksa esa dk;Zjr O;olk;h dk;Z dh
lqj{kk ls larq"V ik, x, ]v/;;u ls Li"V gSa fd tks xzaFkky; deZpkjh
dk;Z ls larq"V gksrs gSa mudk ,oa
mudh laLFkk dk fodkl rsth ls gksrk gSaA
,stsuk bXcky ,uFkksuh vkSj
vU; ¼2016½
QsMjy d`f"k fo’ofo|ky; ds ekdqjMh xzaFkky; ds xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa dh
dk;Z larqf"V ds izHkkfor dkjdksa dk v/;;u fd;k] ftlesa mUgkasus 90
xzaFkky;ksa dks fy;k rFkk Kkr fd;k fd fdl izdkj ds dkjd dk;Z larqf"V dks
izHkkfor djrs gSaA blesa i;kZIr ’kfDr dh vkiwfrZ dk ek/; 3-54] LoPN okrkoj.k dk ek/; 3-04] lgt]
vkjkenk;d] QuhZpj dk ek/; 3-62] i;kZIr lapkj lqfo/kk dk ek/; 2-76 i;kZIr volj
dk ek/; 2-86 ik;k x;k blesa lokZf/kd ek/; dq’kyrk ds vf/kd volj ¼3-47½ izkIr
fd;k x;kA vr% ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd vPNs dk;Z dk okrkoj.k xazFkky;ksa dh
dk;Z larqf"V dks izHkkfor djrk gSaA mlh izdkj xzaFkky;ksa dk osru Hkh mudh
dk;Z larqf"V dks izHkkfor djrk gS ftldk ek/; 2-50 Kkr fd;k x;kA
xzaFkikyksa dh dk;Z larqf"V dks vPNk dk;Z laca/k Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA bl
v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd xzaFkiky vius xzaFkky; ls larq"V gSa ijarq mUgas
blds fy, de osru] de ykHk] i;kZIr volj rFkk foijhr dk;Z fLFkfr tSls leL;kvksa
dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
nkl vfe; dqekj ¼2015½ ^^fjlpZ tuZy vkWQ
ykbczsjh lkabl^^ us if’pe caxky ds gqxyh ftys ds futh baft;ufajax egkfo|ky; ds
xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa esa dk;Z lrqf"V ds Lrj dks Kkr fd;k mUgksusa 7
egkfo|ky; ds 38 xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa es dk;Zlrqf"V dk Lrj Kkr fd;kA v/;;u
essa ik;k fd 71-1%z iq:"k rFkk 28-9% efgyk;sa gSA ftlesa 42-1
fookfgr rFkk 27-1 vfookfgr gSA v/;;u esa 30 ls 35 vk;q oxZ okys O;olk;h
lokZf/kd gaSA buesa 39-5% 3 o"kZ ls de vuqHko
okys gSaA 34 %
O;olk;h
izlklfud uhfr ,oa izfdz;kvksa ls larq"V gS 44%z dk;Z fLFkfr ls
larq"V gaS tcfd dsoy 28-9%z O;fDrxr lac/kksa ,oa 23-7 % osru ls larq"V gaSA 34-2%z O;olk;h osru ls
vlrq"V ik;s x;s 36-7%
dk;Z lqj{kk
ls vlarq"V rFkk 34-2 %O;fDrxr o`f) ,oa fodkl ls vlarq"V ik;s x;s v/;;u esa
fu"d"kZ fudkyk x;k fd baftu;fjax egkfo|ky; futh gksus ds dkj.k os
LokfoRrh; laLFkk gS] ftlds dkj.k O;olk;h vlarq"V ik;s x;sA
fç;k
Vh ,l çsfel ¼2015½ Þ'ksaysDl baVjus'kuy tuZy v‚Q vkVZ~l
lkbal ,aM gq;qfefuV~lß us vius v/;;u esa
enqjS ftys ds 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk esa dk;Zjr 225 xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa esa dk;Z
larqf"V dk ewY;kadu fd;kA mUgksaus ik;k fd lokZf/kd 39-64 xzaFkiky dk;Z ls larq"V
gSaA vkSlru 38-13
xzaFkiky lgk;d in ds dk;Z ls larq"V gSaA vr% v/;;u ls ik;k x;k gSa fd dk;Z
larqf"V ds leku mez] vuqHko ];ksX;rk rFkk oSokfgd fLFkfr çHkkfor djrh gSa],d gh {ks= ls lEcaf/kr O;olk;h
vius dk;Z ls larq"V gSaA
vlkgqYyk ch vkSj vU;
¼2012½
usa **tuZy vkWQ ,Mokalsl bu ykbczsjh ,.M bUQkjes'ku lkbal** us xzaFkky;
O;olkf;dksa ds chp dk;Z larqf"V dk v/;;u fd;kA dqMksyksj ,oa osyksj ftys
ds dqy 104 xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dkas ds chp dk;Z larqf"V dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ;g
fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd osyksj ftys ds 59-38% O;olk;h LofoRrh; egkfo|ky; ds 21-88 %O;olk;h 'kkldh; vuqnku
izkIr egkfo|ky; ds gS rFkk dqMkyksj ftys ds 76-47 % O;olk;h LofoRrh; rFkk 17-65% 'kkldh; egkfo|ky; ds gSaA
dqMqyksj ftysa esa 'kkldh; egkfo|ky; esa xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa dk izfr’kr
vis{kkd`r vf/kd gSA lokZf/kd 33% osyksj ftys rFkk 37-78 % dqMksyksj ftys ds O;kolk;h 30 o"kZ ds vk;q rd
ds gSaA xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa dh dk;Z larqf"V dk izfr’kr Kkr fd;k x;k
ftlesa ik;k x;k fd osyksj ftys ds 25-71% O;kolk;h vius dk;Z ds lkFk vR;f/kd vlger rFkk dqN
lger gS] ijarq 18-57% ,oa 21-43 % O;kolk;h Øe’k% vlger rFkk vR;f/kd lger gSaA 8-57% us viuk dksbZ er ugha
fn;kA
dpjsdh] mes’kjsMh ,oa dUuqj ihoh ¼2011½ **vkbtfyd cqysfVu** }kjk egkjk"Vª jkT; ds
bathfu;fjax egkfo|ky;ksa ds xzaFkky;ksa esa dk;Z larqf"V dk Lrj Kkr fd;kA
v/;;u esa 132 xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa ls iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls dk;Z esa
larqf"V dk Lrj Kkr fd;k x;kA v/;;u esa ik;k x;k gS fd vf/kdre 37-1% xzaFkiky de larq"V
gSA bUgsa lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds uohu vk;keksa dks lh[kus ds fy, izf'k{k.k dh
vko';drk gSA 50-8%
xzaFkky;
O;kolkf;d vkWuykWbu lalk/ku ls larq"V gSaA vr% ;g Li"V gS fd dk;Z
larqf"V egRoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd blls ekuoh; fLFkfr Li"V gksrh gSA
eYykg Vh ok; ¼2008½ **MsflMkd tuZy vkWQ
ykbZczsjh ,.M baQkjes’ku VsDukWykth** us dukZVd fo’ofo|ky; ds 188 xzaFkky;
O;olkf;dksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ,oa dk;Z fu"iknu izca/k dk v/;;u fd;k
vkSj fu"d"kZ esa ik;k fd 73-33% xzaFkky; O;olk;h vius erkuqlkj iw.kZr%
larq"V gSA 26-67% xzaFkiky vius deZpkfj;ksa
ds lewg ls tqM+s gq, gSaA 33-33% mUgs ilan djrs gSaA 60% mRrjnkrk vius lgdehZ ds vknj ls larq"V gSA
vr% Kkr fd;k x;k fd 60%
xzaFkiky viuh
dk;Z ds izfr larqf"V iznf’kZr djrs gSa ogh 26-66% vR;f/kd larqf"V
iznf’kZr djrs gaSA
ik.khxzgh ihtqldkarh vkSj
y{ehdkarktuk ¼2010½
ds }kjk if'pe caxky ds v’kkldh; egkfo|ky; ds xzaFkikyksa ds chp dk;Z
larqf"V dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA v/;;u esa 200 xzaFkikyksa ds iz’ukoyh ,oa
lk{kkRdkj ds }kjk dk;Z larqf"V dk Lrj ,oa izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dks
Kkr fd;k x;k ,oa fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd 62-5%
O;olkf;d
dk;Z ds izfr larq"V gS rFkk 36%
vlarq"V
gaSA
dUuiuoj vkSj çoh.k dqekj
¼2005½ us
86 Hkkjr ds p;fur —f"k foKku iqLrdky;ksa ls xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa ds e/;
çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ,oa mudh çHkko'khyrk dk ewY;kadu fd;kA v/;;u ls Li"V fd;k
fd vf/kdka'k O;olkf;dkas us çf'k{k.k esa viuh çfrHkkfxrk nh vkSj os dkS'ky ,oa
n{krk ds vk/kkj ij vf/kd vkSj fof'k"V dk;ZØe dh vko';drk ij cy nsrs gSaA
mUgksaus ik;k fd lHkh —f"k foKku iqLrdky; vkaf'kd :i ls daI;wVjh—r vkSj
fMftVy :i esa laxzfgr tkudkjh çnku dj ik jgs gSaA çf'k{k.k dk vk;kstu ç;ksxkRed
gksuk pkfg, rkfd vf/kdre xzaFkikyks dks çf'k{k.k dk ykHk fey ldsA
cz‚McSaV vkSj xzkslj
¼1987½ us
vius 'kks/k i= esa 85 esycksuZ ds xzaFkky; ,oa lwpuk çca/kdksa ds çf'k{k.k ,oa
fodkl xfrfof/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;kA voyksdu lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kkfjr jgkA v/;;u esa
Kkr fd;k fd 70% xzaFkikykas us fiNys 2
lky esa dsoy ,d gh lsfeukj rFkk lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;kA O;olkf;d fodkl esa laLFkk
vf/kd [kpZ ugha djrh tcfd çca/kd dq'kyrk rFkk lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh dh dq'kyrk mudh
igyh 'kS{kf.kd vko';drk gSaA
jkcZV vkSj dksu¼1989½ us 52 fo'ofo|ky; vkSj
30 i‚fyVsfDud xzaFkikyks ds xzaFkky;ks esa çf'k{k.k ,oa 'kS{kf.kd dk;ZØeksa ij
v/;;u fd;kA v/;;u esa Li"V fd;k x;k fd xzaFkikyksa dh vf/kdre #fp lrr
f'k{k.k rFkk çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa gaSA le;≤ ij dk;ZØe vk;kstu ls
rduhdh fodkl ds Kku dks le>k tk ldrk gSaA bl Ádkj ds dk;ZØe vkarfjd ,oa
ckg~; lHkh fØ;kdykiksa ds fy, çHkkoh gksrs gSaA
5.
v/;;u ds {ks= ¼Area of study½ %& izLrqr v/;;u esa jk;iqj {ks= ds dqy
39 xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa ls iz’ukoyh ds ek/;e ls vkdMksa dks ladyu fd;k x;kA
v/;;u esa ch- fyc] ,e- fyc] ,e-fQy] ih-,p-Mh- ;ksX;rk okys xzaFkiky] lgk;d xzaFkiky]
xzaFkiky lgk;d vkSj izf’k{kd vkfn inksa ij dk;Zjr xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa dks lfEefyr
fd;k x;kA 'kks/k esa fy;s x;s O;olk;h futh] ljdkjh] Lolapkfyr laLFkk ds LFkkbZ]
rnFkZ ,oa vLFkkbZ deZpkjh gSaA v/;;u esa dk;Z larqf"V dks izHkkfor djus
okys dkjdksa fo’ks"kdj Áf’k{k.k ,oa lsehukj ij mudh lgefr ,oa vlgefr dks
Kkr fd;k x;k gSA
6.
’kks/k izfof/k ¼Research
Methodology½ %& xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa dh dk;Z larqf"V ds v/;;u
gsrq funZ’ku rduhd ,oa losZ{k.k Áfof/k
dk Á;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed vkadMksa ds ladyu ds fy, iz’ukoyh midj.k ds
ek/;e ls ÁkIr vfHkerksa dks lkj.kh ,oa xzkQ ds }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
7.
ifjdYiuk
ijh{k.k (Testing
of Hypotheis) %&
vuqla/kku çfØ;k dk egRoiw.kZ igyw ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k rFkk mldk ijh{k.k djuk
Hkh gksrk gSA çLrqr 'kks/k dk;Z esa 'kwU; ifjdYiuk yh xbZ gS] ftlds varxZr
laiw.kZ dk;Z larqf"V rFkk vU; pjksa tSls laLFkk dk çdkj] dk;Z dh ç—fr ds
e/; dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA çLrqr ifjdYiuk iwoZ esa fd, x, vuqla/kku ds
vk/kkj ij fuekZ.k dh xbZ gSA bl gsrq 'kwU; ifjdYiuk ds fy, dkbZ oxZ rFkk Vh dk
eku Kkr dj ifjdYiuk dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA
8. vkdM+kas dk
fo’ys"k.k ,oa izLrqfrdj.k (Data analysis
and Interpretation) %&
xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa ls ÁkIr lwpukvkas dks vkadMksa ds ek/;e ls
fuEukuqlkj ÁLrqr fd;k x;k gS&
Lkkj.kh dzekad 8-1 lkoZykSfdd :ijs[kk
Øekad
|
fooj.k
|
çR;kfFkZ;ks dh la[;k
|
Áfr'kr
|
1
|
iq#"k
|
14
|
35.90
|
2
|
efgyk
|
25
|
64.10
|
|
|
39
|
100.00
|
1
|
fookfgr
|
30
|
76.92
|
2
|
vfookfgr
|
9
|
23.08
|
|
|
39
|
100.00
|
1
|
ch-fyc
|
0
|
0.00
|
2
|
,e-fyc
|
22
|
56.41
|
3
|
,e-fQy
|
13
|
33.33
|
4
|
ih,p- Mh
|
4
|
10.26
|
|
|
39
|
100.00
|
1
|
LFkk;h
|
18
|
46.15
|
2
|
avLFkk;h
|
17
|
43.59
|
3
|
rnFkZ
|
4
|
10.26
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
futh
|
17
|
43.59
|
2
|
ljdkjh
|
13
|
33.33
|
3
|
vuqnku ÁkIr
|
3
|
7.69
|
4
|
LoPkkfyr
|
6
|
15.38
|
|
|
39
|
100.00
|
1
|
5 वर्ष से कम
|
11
|
28.21
|
2
|
5 -9
|
13
|
33.33
|
3
|
10- 14
|
8
|
20.51
|
4
|
15 -19
|
2
|
5.13
|
5
|
20 वर्ष से
अधिक
|
5
|
12.82
|
|
|
39
|
100.00
|
1
|
xzaFkiky
|
22
|
56.41
|
2
|
fMIVh xzaFkiky
|
0
|
0.00
|
3
|
lgk;d xzaFkiky
|
8
|
20.51
|
4
|
xzaFkiky lgk;d
|
6
|
15.38
|
5
|
rduhdh lgk;d
|
1
|
2.56
|
6
|
vU;
|
2
|
5.13
|
dqy
|
39
|
100.00
|
lkj.kh Øekad
8-1 ds vuqlkj dqy 39 xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkas esa 35-90% efgyk,a rFkk 64-1% iq#"k
jgs fookfgr O;olkf;dksa dh la[;k 76-92% jgh tks
fd vfookfgr O;olkf;dkas dh vis{kk vf/kd gSaA ,e-fyc- ;ksX;rk ds lokZf/kd 56-41%
O;olk;h ik, x, tcfd ih,pMh ds lokZf/kd
de 10-26%
jgsA LFkk;h O;olkf;dksa dk çfr'kr 46-15 rFkk vLFkk;h O;olkf;dkas dk çfr'kr 41-59
jgkA v/;;u esa futh O;olkf;dkas dk çfr'kr ljdkjh O;olkf;dksa dh vis{kk vf/kd
çkIr gqvkA xzaFkiky ds in ij dk;Zjr O;olkf;dksa dk çfr'kr 56-41%
jgk tks fd vU; inksa dh vis{kk—r vf/kd ik;k x;kA
lkj.kh
Øekad 8-2 lrr O;olkf;d fodkl
dFku
|
vR;f/kd lger
|
lger
|
dksbZ foPkkj ugh
|
vlger
|
vR;f/kd vlger
|
vkius dk;Z esa
vkus ds ckn çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;k
|
2.56
|
33.33
|
12.82
|
38.46
|
12.82
|
vki xzaFkky; esa
uohu rduhd dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa
|
20.51
|
56.41
|
7.69
|
12.82
|
2.56
|
vki viuh lsok ds
fy, vko';d v‚uykbu lsok dk mi;ksx djds lgt eglwl dj jgs gSa
|
17.95
|
64.10
|
10.26
|
7.69
|
0.00
|
rduhd ,oa Kku ls
fujarj v|ru jguk esjs dk;Z dk egRoiw.kZ igyq gSa
|
30.77
|
58.97
|
2.56
|
5.13
|
2.56
|
lsok ds çf'k{k.k ds volj çkIr gksrs gSa
|
7.69
|
61.54
|
10.26
|
17.95
|
2.56
|
vkidks lsfeukj
]dk;Z'kkyk ,oa lEeysu esa Hkkx ysus ds volj feyrs gSa
|
15.38
|
56.41
|
10.26
|
15.38
|
2.56
|
uohu fodkl dks tkuus dk volj çkIr gksrk gSa
|
12.82
|
76.92
|
5.13
|
5.13
|
0.00
|
çf'k{k.k ls
O;fXrxr fodkl ds ;ksxnku esa lgk;rk feyrh gSa
|
7.69
|
66.67
|
12.82
|
12.82
|
0.00
|
dqy vkSlr
|
14.42
|
59.29
|
8.97
|
14.42
|
2.88
|
|
|
T Test Value
|
|
t
|
df
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
Mean Difference
|
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
|
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
vR;f/kd lger
|
4.596
|
7
|
.002
|
5.62500
|
2.7311
|
8.5189
|
lger
|
13.477
|
7
|
.000
|
23.12500
|
19.0676
|
27.1824
|
dksbZ foPkkj ugh
|
7.000
|
7
|
.000
|
3.50000
|
2.3177
|
4.6823
|
vlger
|
3.782
|
7
|
.007
|
5.62500
|
2.1081
|
9.1419
|
vR;f/kd vlger
|
1.938
|
7
|
.094
|
1.12500
|
-.2478
|
2.4978
|
One-Sample Test
lkj.kh
Øekad 8-2 esa lrr O;olkf;d fodkl ds varxZr xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkas dh lgefr rFkk
vlgefr n'kkZ;h xbZ gSaA blds v/;;u ls Li"V gS fd Þvkius dk;Z esa vkus ds
ckn çf'k{k.k çkIr fd;kß ds dFku dks ysdj lgefr dk çfr'kr 33-33 rFkk vlgefr dk
çfr'kr 38-46 ik;k x;kA ÞxzaFkky; esa uohu rduhd dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaÞ ds dFku
esa 76-41%
O;olk;h lger gSaA Þrduhdh ,oa Kku ls fujarj
v|ru jguk esjs dk;Z dk egRoiw.kZ igyw gSÞ ds dFku esa 58-97%
lger rFkk 30-77%
vf/kd lger jgsA Þvkidks lsfeukj dk;Z'kkyk lEesyu esa Hkkx ysus ds volj çnku
djus ds fy, 56-41%
us lgefr rFkk 15-38%
us
vR;f/kd lgefr nh gaSA Þuohu dks tkus dk volj çkIr gksus esa
76-92%
us lgefr n'kkZ;h gaSA Þçf'k{k.k ls O;fäxr fodkl ds ;ksxnku esa lgk;rk feyrh gSß
ds fopkj esa 65-67%
lger rFkk 12-82%
O;olkf;dksa us vlgefr gaSA lrr O;olkf;d fodkl eas dqy lgefr dk ek/; 59-29% jgk
tks fd vU; dh vis{kk
vf/kd ik;k x;kA ifjdYiuk ijh{k.k ds fy,
Vh ijh{k.k fd;k x;k ftlesa Vh dk eku lkFkZdrk ds eku ls vf/kd çkIr gqvk vr%
'kwU; ifjdYiuk Loh—r dh xbZA
laiw.kZ
dk;Z larqf"V
(Over All Job Satisfaction) & xzaFkky; O;olkf;dksa dh laiw.kZ dk;Z larqf"V dks fuEukuqlkj Ánf’kZr fd;k x;k gS&
Lkkj.kh dzekad 8-3 laiw.kZ dk;Z larqf"V (Over All
Job Satisfaction)
dFku
|
çR;kfFkZ;ks dh
la[;k
|
çfr'kr (%)
|
larq"V (satisfied)
|
19
|
48.72
|
vR;f/kd larq"V (strongaly
satisfied)
|
8
|
11.94
|
vlarq"V (Dissatisfied)
|
7
|
10.45
|
vR;f/kd vlarq"V (Strongly
Dissatisfied)
|
3
|
4.48
|
e/;e larq"V (Moderately Satisfied)
|
2
|
2.99
|
dqy
|
39
|
100
|
T Test Value
|
t
|
df
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
Mean Difference
|
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
2.580
|
4
|
.061
|
7.80000
|
-.5939
|
16.1939
|
lkj.kh
Øekad 8-3 laiw.kZ dk;Z larqf"V ds varxZr dqy O;olkf;dkas esa 48-72%
larq"V rFkk 11-4%
vR;f/kd larq"V ik, x,A 10-45% vlarq"V
rFkk 4-48%
ik, x, ifjdYiuk ijh{k.k ds varxZr lkFkZdrk dk eku 0-061 çkIr gqvk ;g Lora=rk dh Js.kh 4 ds fy,
Vh dk eku 2-58 ls cgqr de gS vr% ifjdYiuk Loh—r dh tkrh gSaA
Lkkj.kh dzekad 8-4 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij iw.kZ dk;Z
larqf"V
'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk
(Educational Qualification)
|
vR;f/kd
vlarq"V
|
vlarq"V
|
e/;e larq"V
|
larq"V
|
vR;f/kd
larq"V
|
,e-fyc
|
3.13%
|
0.00%
|
9.98%
|
65.63%
|
21.88%
|
,e-fQy
|
9.09%
|
13.64%
|
22.73%
|
45.45%
|
9.06%
|
ih-,p-Mh-
|
7.69%
|
0.00%
|
0.00%
|
69.23%
|
23.08%
|
dqy
|
dkbZ 2 dk
eku
|
|
|
eku
|
Lor=rk dh Js.kh
|
dkbZ 2 dk eku
|
|
Pearson Chi-Square
|
13.430a
|
8
|
0.098
|
|
dqy
|
39
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lkj.kh Øekad 8-4 ds vuqlkj 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds
vk/kkj ij dk;Z larqf"V dh xbZ ftlesa 45-45% ,e-fQy ;ksX;rk ds xzaFkky; O;olk;h
larq"V
çkIr gq, 59-3%
vlarq"V ik,
x,A blds fy, dkbZ oxZ dk eku 0-08 çkIr gqvk Lora=rk dh Js.kh 8 ds fy, 13-430
çkIr gqvk ;g eku dkbZ oxZ ds eku 0-098 ls vf/kd gS vr% 'kwU; ifjdYiuk Loh—r dh
tkrh gSaA
Lkkj.kh dzekad 8-5 dk;Z dh ç—fr ds vk/kkj ij iw.kZ dk;Z larqf"V
dk;Z dh ç—fr
(
Nature of Job)
|
vR;f/kd
vlarq"V
|
vlarq"V
|
e/;e larq"V
|
larq"V
|
vR;f/kd
larq"V
|
LFkk;h
|
4.65%
|
4.65%
|
4.65%
|
65.12%
|
2.93%
|
avLFkk;h
|
9.52%
|
4.76%
|
28.57%
|
47.62%
|
9.52%
|
rnFkZ
|
0.00%
|
0.00%
|
0.00%
|
66.67%
|
33.33%
|
dkbZ 2 dk
eku
|
|
|
eku
|
Lor=rk dh Js.kh
|
dkbZ 2 dk eku
|
|
Pearson Chi-Square
|
10.217a
|
8
|
0.25
|
|
dqy
|
39
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lkj.kh
Øekad 8-5 dk;Z dh ç—fr ds vuqlkj LFkk;h
xzaFkky; O;olkf;dkas esa 65-12% larq"V
gS ogha vLFkk;h O;olk;h esa 47-62% larq"V
çkIr gq,A ogha dsoy 2-93%
LFkk;h O;olk;h vR;f/kd larq"V tcfd vkSj LFkk;h xzaFkky; O;olk;h 9-52%
O;olk;h vR;f/kd larq"V ik, x,A dkbZ oxZ ijh{k.k esa dkbZ oxZ dk eku 0- 25
çkIr gqvk tks fd Lora=rk dh Js.kh 8 ds fy, 10-217 ds eku ls cgqr de gS vr%
'kwU; ifjdYiuk Loh—r dh tkrh gSaA
ifj.kke
,oa fu"d"kZ
¼ Findings
and Conclusion½
%&
ÁLrqr v/;;u jk;iqj {ks= ds xzaFkky;
O;olkf;dksa ds e/; lrr O;olkf;d fodkl ,oa dk;Z larqf"V dks Kkr djuk gSaA
v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd jk;iqj {ks= ds xzaFkky; O;olk;h dsoy 60-66%
larq"V gSaaA ;ksX;rk rFkk dk;Z dh Ád`fr dk dk;Z larqf"V ij dksbZ
ÁHkko ugh iM+rkA lrr O;olkf;d fodkl ds varZxr lgefr dk ek/; vf/kd ÁkIr gqvk vr%
lrr O;olkf;d fodkl dh xzaFkky; O;olk;h ds fy, vko’;d gSaA fjÝs'kj
dkslZ] lsfeukjksa] laxksf"B;ksa] dk;Z'kkykvksa vkfn esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,
xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk gksxk
tks rduhdh {kerk vkSj n{krk dks c<+k,axsA çR;sd fo'ofo|ky; dks
le;≤ ij çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, xzaFkky; O;kolkf;dksa
fy, i;kZIr :i ls ,d vyx dks"k vkoafVr djuk pkfg,A deZpkfj;ksa dh çfrHkk dk
iwjh rjg ls mi;ksx djus vkSj mudh {kerkvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy,] ;g vko';d gS
fd deZpkfj;ksa dks fodkl ds fy, lqfo/kk,a çnku dh tk,aA vktdy xzaFkky; O;olk;h dh Hkwfedk esa cgqr cnyko vk;k gSA xzaFkky; O;olk;h
dks tgka lwpuk lalk/kuksa] MsVk laxzg.k
,oa iqu%çkfIr] MsVk os;jgkmflax] esVkMkVk fuekZ.k vkfn ds fMftVyhdj.k ds dqN
fo'ks"k dk;ksaZ dks laHkkyuk gS ogha
bZ&ykbczsjh ds çca/ku vkSj vk;kstu dh çeq[k ftEesnkjh fuHkkuk
Hkh gSaA vkt ds vkbZVh ifjos'k esa ewY;
of/kZr lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, xzaFkky; Oc;olk;h dks lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh ds fofHkUu igyqvksa esa
vius dkS'ky dks c<+kuk gksxk vkSj mi;ksxdrkZ leqnk; dh orZeku lwpuk ekaxksa
dks iwjk djus ds fy, Lo;a dks
rduhdh&dq'ky cukuk gksxkA mUgsa le;≤ ij çf'k{k.k nsdj O;kolkf;d fodkl tkjh j[kuk gksxk tks vkt ds vk/kqfud
iqLrdky;ksa esa egku volj vkSj mTToy Hkfo"; nsxk A lrr O;kolkf;d fodkl fo'ofo|ky; dk cgqr egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS]
fo'ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky;ksa esa dke djus okys iqLrdky; O;kolkf;dksa dks
fujarj çf'k{k.k çnku djuk Pkkfg, tks
mUgsa fofHkUu çdkj ds O;kolkf;d dkS'ky] Kku vkSj n{krkvksa dks lh[kus]
lq/kkjus] fodflr djus ds fy, rS;kj dj vktdy ds xzaFkiky dks cnyh Hkwfedk esa vkxs vkus dk volj çnku djrk gSaA
xzaFklwph
(Bibliography)
%&
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